{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T17:53:52Z","timestamp":1776275632614,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shaqra University","award":["SU-ANN-202248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SU-ANN-202248"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>License Plate Recognition (LPR) is essential for the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) since license plates are a necessary characteristic for distinguishing vehicles for traffic management. As the number of vehicles on the road continues to grow, managing and controlling traffic has become increasingly complex. Large cities in particular face significant challenges, including concerns around privacy and the consumption of resources. To address these issues, the development of automatic LPR technology within the IoV has emerged as a critical area of research. By detecting and recognizing license plates on roadways, LPR can significantly enhance management and control of the transportation system. However, implementing LPR within automated transportation systems requires careful consideration of privacy and trust issues, particularly in relation to the collection and use of sensitive data. This study recommends a blockchain-based approach for IoV privacy security that makes use of LPR. A system handles the registration of a user\u2019s license plate directly on the blockchain, avoiding the gateway. The database controller may crash as the number of vehicles in the system rises. This paper proposes a privacy protection system for the IoV using license plate recognition based on blockchain. When a license plate is captured by the LPR system, the captured image is sent to the gateway responsible for managing all communications. When the user requires the license plate, the registration is done by a system connected directly to the blockchain, without going through the gateway. Moreover, in the traditional IoV system, the central authority has full authority to manage the binding of vehicle identity and public key. As the number of vehicles increases in the system, it may cause the central server to crash. Key revocation is the process in which the blockchain system analyses the behaviour of vehicles to judge malicious users and revoke their public keys.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T02:02:56Z","timestamp":1677636176000},"page":"2670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Intelligent Transportation Using Wireless Sensor Networks Blockchain and License Plate Recognition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Fares","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computing and IT, Shaqra University, Shaqra 15526, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Zakariah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reem","family":"Alshahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computers and IT, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6356-0000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashwag","family":"Albakri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science College of Computer Science & Information Technology, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wattana","family":"Viriyasitavat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chulalongkorn Business School, Faculty of Commerce and Accountancy, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9976-5016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulrahman Abdullah","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computing and IT, Shaqra University, Shaqra 15526, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8523","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2021.3067324","article-title":"A federated learning-based license plate recognition scheme for 5G-enabled internet of vehicles","volume":"17","author":"Kong","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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