{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T22:33:10Z","timestamp":1774305190860,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cognitive Sciences and Technologies Council of Iran","award":["D100-9641"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D100-9641"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Older adults\u2019 independent life is compromised due to various problems, such as memory impairments and decision-making difficulties. This work initially proposes an integrated conceptual model for assisted living systems capable of providing helping means for older adults with mild memory impairments and their caregivers. The proposed model has four main components: (1) an indoor location and heading measurement unit in the local fog layer, (2) an augmented reality (AR) application to make interactions with the user, (3) an IoT-based fuzzy decision-making system to handle the direct and environmental interactions with the user, and (4) a user interface for caregivers to monitor the situation in real time and send reminders once required. Then, a preliminary proof-of-concept implementation is performed to evaluate the suggested mode\u2019s feasibility. Functional experiments are carried out based on various factual scenarios, which validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The accuracy and response time of the proposed proof-of-concept system are further examined. The results suggest that implementing such a system is feasible and has the potential to promote assisted living. The suggested system has the potential to promote scalable and customizable assisted living systems to reduce the challenges of independent living for older adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T02:02:56Z","timestamp":1677636176000},"page":"2673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A Decision-Aware Ambient Assisted Living System with IoT Embedded Device for In-Home Monitoring of Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5121-3052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Ghorbani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 1631714191, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Telecommunication Systems, TU Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4895-2150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amirmasoud","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Kia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 1631714191, Iran"}]},{"given":"Quazi","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4188-6958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehdi","family":"Delrobaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada"},{"name":"Center for Research and Technology (CReaTech), Faculty of Electrical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran 1631714191, Iran"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13227","article-title":"How Can Dementia and Disability Be Prevented in Older Adults: Where Are We Today and Where Are We Going?","volume":"289","author":"Lisko","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Bell, V., and Troxel, D. (2012). A Dignified Life: The Best FriendsTM Approach to Alzheimer\u2019s Care: A Guide for Care Partners, Health Communications, Inc."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Hayhurst, J. (2018). Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality, Springer."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.entcom.2021.100458","article-title":"Towards an Intelligent Assistive System Based on Augmented Reality and Serious Games","volume":"40","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Entertain. Comput."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koulouris, D., Menychtas, A., and Maglogiannis, I. (2022). An IoT-Enabled Platform for the Assessment of Physical and Mental Activities Utilizing Augmented Reality Exergaming. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093181"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00530-015-0481-6","article-title":"AR-Based Serious Game Framework for Post-Stroke Rehabilitation","volume":"22","author":"Hossain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Multimed. Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.06.026","article-title":"An Augmented Reality (AR)-Based Vocational Task Prompting System for People with Cognitive Impairments","volume":"34","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsys.2019.07.001","article-title":"Designing and Evaluating an Intelligent Augmented Reality System for Assisting Older Adults\u2019 Medication Management","volume":"58","author":"Guerrero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cogn. Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s42600-019-00025-y","article-title":"Assisting Individuals with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Using Mobile Augmented Reality with Voice Interaction: An Acceptance Experiment with Individuals in the Early Stages","volume":"35","author":"Kanno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"205566832096412","article-title":"Joining Semantic and Augmented Reality to Design Smart Homes for Assistance","volume":"7","author":"Haidon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Assist. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s13755-019-0087-z","article-title":"An E-Health System for Monitoring Elderly Health Based on Internet of Things and Fog Computing","volume":"7","author":"Dghais","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Inf. Sci. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2018.03.005","article-title":"Conceptual Framework for the Security of Mobile Health Applications on Android Platform","volume":"35","author":"Hussain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Telemat. Inform."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2017.12.008","article-title":"Systematic Review of Smartphone-Based Passive Sensing for Health and Wellbeing","volume":"77","author":"Cornet","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Tang, D., Liu, C., Nie, Q., Wang, Z., and Zhang, L. (2022). An Augmented Reality-Assisted Prognostics and Health Management System Based on Deep Learning for IoT-Enabled Manufacturing. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176472"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunete, A., Gambao, E., Hernando, M., and Cedazo, R. (2021). Smart Assistive Architecture for the Integration of IoT Devices, Robotic Systems, and Multimodal Interfaces in Healthcare Environments. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21062212"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2022.100653","article-title":"A Review of IoT Systems to Enable Independence for the Elderly and Disabled Individuals","volume":"21","author":"Perez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Internet Things"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-020-01545-9","article-title":"Internet of Things (IoT) Applications for Elderly Care: A Reflective Review","volume":"33","author":"Tun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cedillo, P., Sanchez, C., Campos, K., and Bermeo, A. (2018, January 4\u20136). A Systematic Literature Review on Devices and Systems for Ambient Assisted Living: Solutions and Trends from Different User Perspectives. Proceedings of the 2018 5th IEEE International Conference on eDemocracy and eGovernment, ICEDEG 2018, Ambato, Ecuador.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEDEG.2018.8372367"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Vijayalakshmi, A., and Jose, D.V. (2020). Internet of Things Use Cases for the Healthcare Industry, Springer."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandya, B., Shah, D., Pourabdollah, A., and Lotfi, A. (2021, January 1\u20133). Developing and Comparing Cloud-Based Fuzzy Systems for Monitoring Health Related Signals in Assistive Environments. Proceedings of the ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3529190.3534742"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Mufti, T., Sohail, S.S., Gupta, B., and Agarwal, P. (2022). Smart Technologies for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Springer."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ngankam, H.K., Pigot, H., and Giroux, S. (2022). OntoDomus: A Semantic Model for Ambient Assisted Living System Based on Smart Homes. Electronics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11071143"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Khan, N.J., Ahamad, G., Naseem, M., and Khan, Q.R. (2021). Renewable Power for Sustainable Growth, Proceedings of International Conference on Renewal Power (ICRP 2020), Jammu, India, 17\u201318 April 2020, Springer."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2444095","article-title":"Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications","volume":"17","author":"Guizani","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"36","article-title":"HRI Physio Lib: A Software Framework to Support the Integration of Physiological Adaptation in HRI","volume":"Volume 12483 LNAI","author":"Kothig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), ICSR 2020"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-010-0043-x","article-title":"Smart Homes for the Elderly Dementia Sufferers: Identification and Prediction of Abnormal Behaviour","volume":"3","author":"Lotfi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C.-T., and Chan, C.-T. (2016). A Fuzzy Logic Prompting Mechanism Based on Pattern Recognition and Accumulated Activity Effective Index Using a Smartphone Embedded Sensor. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16081322"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"24","article-title":"A Fuzzy Approach for an IoT-Based Automated Employee Performance Appraisal","volume":"53","author":"Kaur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Mater. Contin."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6077","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-020-01917-z","article-title":"Enhanced Fuzzy Finite State Machine for Human Activity Modelling and Recognition","volume":"11","author":"Mohmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2018.2799198","article-title":"Providing Healthcare-as-a-Service Using Fuzzy Rule Based Big Data Analytics in Cloud Computing","volume":"22","author":"Jindal","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2020.101248","article-title":"Towards Ensuring the Reliability and Dependability of Vehicular Crowd-Sensing Data in GPS-Less Location Tracking","volume":"68","author":"Boukerche","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pervasive Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5679","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2569160","article-title":"Magnetometer Calibration Using Inertial Sensors","volume":"16","author":"Kok","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Madgwick, S.O.H., Harrison, A.J.L., and Vaidyanathan, R. (July, January 29). Estimation of IMU and MARG Orientation Using a Gradient Descent Algorithm. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics, Zurich, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2803201","article-title":"Fog Assisted-IoT Enabled Patient Health Monitoring in Smart Homes","volume":"5","author":"Verma","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2018.09.001","article-title":"Indoor Location Identification Technologies for Real-Time IoT-Based Applications: An Inclusive Survey","volume":"30","author":"Oguntala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"0662","article-title":"IEEE 802. 15. 4a Channel Model\u2014Final Report","volume":"15","author":"Molisch","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE P802"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10514-009-9124-0","article-title":"Optima Localization by Vehicle Formations Imitating the Nelder-Mead Simplex Algorithm","volume":"27","author":"Kalantar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Auton. Robots"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Linowes, J., and Babinlinski, K. (2017). Augmented Reality for Developer: Build Practical Augmented Reality Applications with UNITY, ARCore, ARKit, and Vuforia, Packt Publishing Ltd."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramadhan, J.M., Mardiati, R., and Haq, I.N. (2021, January 19\u201320). Iot Monitoring System for Solar Power Plant Based on Mqtt Publisher\/Subscriber Protocol. Proceedings of the 2021 7th IEEE International Conference on Wireless and Telematics (ICWT), Bandung, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICWT52862.2021.9678503"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cicirelli, G., Marani, R., Petitti, A., Milella, A., and D\u2019orazio, T. (2021). Ambient Assisted Living: A Review of Technologies, Methodologies and Future Perspectives for Healthy Aging of Population. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21103549"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s40860-020-00106-1","article-title":"Design and Development of IoT-Based Latency-Optimized Augmented Reality Framework in Home Automation and Telemetry for SMART lifestyle","volume":"6","author":"Mishra","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Reliab. Intell. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raj, P., Chatterjee, J.M., Kumar, A., and Balamurugan, B. (2020). Internet of Things Use Cases for the Healthcare Industry, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-37526-3"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1519\/JPT.0b013e318224aa23","article-title":"A Review of Monitoring Technology for Use with Older Adults","volume":"35","author":"Wagner","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2020.102480","article-title":"Cognitive Support for Assembly Operations by Means of Augmented Reality: An Exploratory Study","volume":"143","author":"Vanneste","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorusso, L., Mosmondor, M., Grguric, A., Toccafondi, L., D\u2019Onofrio, G., Russo, S., Lampe, J., Pihl, T., Mayer, N., and Vignani, G. (2023). Design and Evaluation of Personalized Services to Foster Active Aging: The Experience of Technology Pre-Validation in Italian Pilots. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23020797"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaparro, J.D., Ruiz, J.F.-B., Romero, M.J.S., Pe\u00f1o, C.B., Irurtia, L.U., Perea, M.G., del Toro Garcia, X., Molina, F.J.V., Grigoleit, S., and Lopez, J.C. (2021). The SHAPES Smart Mirror Approach for Independent Living, Healthy and Active Ageing. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21237938"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u017dari\u0107, N., Radonji\u0107, M., Pavli\u0107evi\u0107, N., and \u017dari\u0107, S.P. (2021). Design of a Kitchen-Monitoring and Decision-Making System to Support Aal Applications. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21134449"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grguri\u0107, A., Mo\u0161mondor, M., and Huljeni\u0107, D. (2019). The Smarthabits: An Intelligent Privacy-Aware Home Care Assistance System. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19040907"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F\u00e9lix, J., Moreira, J., Santos, R., Kontio, E., Pinheiro, A.R., and Sousa, A.S.P. (2023). Health-Related Telemonitoring Parameters\/Signals of Older Adults: An Umbrella Review. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23020796"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taramasco, C., Rimassa, C., and Martinez, F. (2023). Improvement in Quality of Life with Use of Ambient-Assisted Living: Clinical Trial with Older Persons in the Chilean Population. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010268"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freytag, J., Mishra, R.K., Street, R.L., Catic, A., Dindo, L., Kiefer, L., Najafi, B., and Naik, A.D. (2022). Using Wearable Sensors to Measure Goal Achievement in Older Veterans with Dementia. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22249923"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lo Bianco, M., Pedell, S., and Renda, G. (December, January 9). Augmented Reality and Home Modifications: A Tool to Empower Older Adults in Fall Prevention. Proceedings of the 28th Australian Computer-Human Interaction Conference, OzCHI 2016, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3010915.3010929"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Blattgerste, J., Renner, P., and Pfeiffer, T. (2021, January 1\u20133). Augmented Reality Action Assistance and Learning for Cognitively Impaired People\u2014A Systematic Literature Review. Proceedings of the ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghorbani, F., Kia, M., Delrobaei, M., and Rahman, Q. (2019, January 27\u201328). Evaluating the Possibility of Integrating Augmented Reality and Internet of Things Technologies to Help Patients with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Proceedings of the 2019 26th IEEE National and 4th International Iranian Conference on Biomedical Engineering, ICBME 2019, Tehran, Iran.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBME49163.2019.9030404"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-015-0319-6","article-title":"Study of Scenarios and Technical Requirements of a Social Assistive Robot for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Patients and Their Caregivers","volume":"8","author":"Salichs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robot."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ambient Assisted Living System\u2019s Models and Architectures: A Survey of the State of the Art","volume":"32","author":"Abtoy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Comput. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2007.07.003","article-title":"Navigation in 3D Virtual Environments: Effects of User Experience and Location-Pointing Navigation Aids","volume":"65","author":"Burigat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-0184-5_71","article-title":"Study of Human\u2013Computer Interaction in Augmented Reality","volume":"Volume 1057","author":"Janani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/5\/2673\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:44:39Z","timestamp":1760121879000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/5\/2673"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s23052673"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23052673","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]}}}