{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T14:21:41Z","timestamp":1766067701635,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article discusses how to monitor the freezing depth during cryotherapy using a fiber optic array sensor. The sensor was used to measure the backscattered and transmitted light from frozen and unfrozen ex vivo porcine tissue and in vivo human skin tissue (finger). The technique exploited the variations in optical diffusion properties of the frozen and unfrozen tissues to determine the extent of freezing. Ex vivo and in vivo measurements yielded comparable results, despite spectral variations attributable to the hemoglobin absorption peak in the human frozen and unfrozen tissues. However, because the spectral fingerprints of the freeze-thaw process in the ex vivo and in vivo experiments were similar, we could extrapolate the maximum depth of freezing. Therefore, this sensor has the potential to be utilized for monitoring cryosurgery in real time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T03:03:48Z","timestamp":1677639828000},"page":"2690","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Fiber Optic Sensor for Monitoring the Spectral Alterations and Depth in Ex Vivo and In Vivo Cryosurgery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Aris","family":"Ikiades","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0252-8314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis D.","family":"Bassukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Skin & Venereal Diseases, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3264-2406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Kourkoumelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2007.03.007","article-title":"Cryosurgery for Tumors","volume":"205","author":"Gage","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002425","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202002425","article-title":"Ice Inhibition for Cryopreservation: Materials, Strategies, and Challenges","volume":"8","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.2.1.157","article-title":"Cryosurgery","volume":"2","author":"Rubinsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2009.03224.x","article-title":"Immunocryosurgery for Basal Cell Carcinoma: Results of a Pilot, Prospective, Open-Label Study of Cryosurgery during Continued Imiquimod Application","volume":"23","author":"Gaitanis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.2174\/1573405616666200825162712","article-title":"Image-Guided Cryotherapy for Musculoskeletal Tumors","volume":"17","author":"Scandiffio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1006\/cryo.1999.2168","article-title":"Imaging of Interstitial Cryotherapy\u2014An in Vitro Comparison of Ultrasound, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"38","author":"Tacke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/S0730-725X(01)00389-7","article-title":"Validation of Estimated 3D Temperature Maps during Hepatic Cryo Surgery","volume":"19","author":"Samset","year":"2001","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/13645700701384074","article-title":"Feasibility Study on Using an Infrared Thermometer for Evaluation and Administration of Cryosurgery","volume":"16","author":"Yan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Minim. Invasive Ther. Allied Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1648647","article-title":"Use of Optical Coherence Tomography to Monitor Biological Tissue Freezing during Cryosurgery","volume":"9","author":"Choi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2008.2001284","article-title":"Prostate Cryotherapy Monitoring Using Vibroacoustography: Preliminary Results of an Ex Vivo Study and Technical Feasibility","volume":"55","author":"Mitri","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/29\/8\/004","article-title":"Imaging Cryosurgery with EIT: Tracking the Ice Front and Post-Thaw Tissue Viability","volume":"29","author":"Edd","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R37","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/58\/11\/R37","article-title":"Optical Properties of Biological Tissues: A Review","volume":"58","author":"Jacques","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spasopoulos, D., Rattas, G., Kaisas, A., Dalagiannis, T., Bassukas, I.D., Kourkoumelis, N., and Ikiades, A. (2020). Fiber Optic Sensor for Real-Time Monitoring of Freezing\u2013Thawing Cycle in Cryosurgery. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10031053"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasin, M., Harun, S.W., and Arof, H. (2012). Selected Topics on Optical Fiber Technology, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/2429"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105001","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.25.10.105001","article-title":"Measuring Hemoglobin Spectra: Searching for Carbamino-Hemoglobin","volume":"25","author":"Dervieux","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/5\/2690\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:45:01Z","timestamp":1760121901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/5\/2690"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s23052690"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23052690","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]}}}