{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T17:43:45Z","timestamp":1772300625376,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Highly integrated three-dimensional magnetic sensors have just been developed and have been used in some fields, such as angle measurement of moving objects. The sensor used in this paper is a three-dimensional magnetic sensor with three Hall probes highly integrated inside; 15 sensors are used to design the sensor array and then measure the magnetic field leakage of the steel plate; the three-dimensional component characteristics of the magnetic field leakage are used to determine the defect area. Pseudo-color imaging is the most widely used in the imaging field. In this paper, color imaging is used to process magnetic field data. Compared with analyzing the three-dimensional magnetic field information obtained directly, this paper converts the magnetic field information into color image information through pseudo-color imaging and then obtains the color moment characteristic values of the color image in the defect area. Moreover, the least-square support-vector machine and particle swarm optimization (PSO-LSSVM) algorithm are used to quantitatively identify the defects. The results show that the three-dimensional component of the magnetic field leakage can effectively determine the area range of defects, and it is feasible to use the color image characteristic value of the three-dimensional magnetic field leakage signal to identify defects quantitatively. Compared with a single component, the three-dimensional component can effectively improve the identification rate of defects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T03:03:48Z","timestamp":1677639828000},"page":"2691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Quantitative Detection of Tank Floor Defects by Pseudo-Color Imaging of Three-Dimensional Magnetic Flux Leakage Signals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Zhijun","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7630-0224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huaiqing","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yazhong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bowen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changpeng","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Gong, K., and Hu, J. 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