{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T16:10:13Z","timestamp":1775837413786,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bladder monitoring, including urinary incontinence management and bladder urinary volume monitoring, is a vital part of urological care. Urinary incontinence is a common medical condition affecting the quality of life of more than 420 million people worldwide, and bladder urinary volume is an important indicator to evaluate the function and health of the bladder. Previous studies on non-invasive techniques for urinary incontinence management technology, bladder activity and bladder urine volume monitoring have been conducted. This scoping review outlines the prevalence of bladder monitoring with a focus on recent developments in smart incontinence care wearable devices and the latest technologies for non-invasive bladder urine volume monitoring using ultrasound, optical and electrical bioimpedance techniques. The results found are promising and their application will improve the well-being of the population suffering from neurogenic dysfunction of the bladder and the management of urinary incontinence. The latest research advances in bladder urinary volume monitoring and urinary incontinence management have significantly improved existing market products and solutions and will enable the development of more effective future solutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T02:03:08Z","timestamp":1677808988000},"page":"2758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["State of the Art of Non-Invasive Technologies for Bladder Monitoring: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6640-1868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelakram","family":"Hafid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, M\u00e4lardalen University, P.O. Box 883, 721 23 V\u00e4ster\u00e5s, Sweden"},{"name":"Textile Materials Technology, Department of Textile Technology, Faculty of Textiles, Engineering and Business Swedish School of Textiles, University of Bor\u00e5s, 501 90 Bor\u00e5s, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Difallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Instrumentation, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, 16111 Algiers, Algeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistive Technology Lab (NTA), Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38408-100, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Conception, d\u2019Optimisation et de Mod\u00e9lisation des Syst\u00e8mes (LCOMS), Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, 57000 Metz, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4841-2488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saad","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, M\u00e4lardalen University, P.O. Box 883, 721 23 V\u00e4ster\u00e5s, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8704-402X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mia","family":"Folke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, M\u00e4lardalen University, P.O. Box 883, 721 23 V\u00e4ster\u00e5s, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1940-1747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Lind\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, M\u00e4lardalen University, P.O. Box 883, 721 23 V\u00e4ster\u00e5s, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4368-4751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annica","family":"Kristoffersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, M\u00e4lardalen University, P.O. Box 883, 721 23 V\u00e4ster\u00e5s, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perez, N.E., Godbole, N.P., Amin, K., Syan, R., and Gater, D.R. (2022). Neurogenic bladder physiology, pathogenesis, and management after spinal cord injury. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12060968"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jo, H.G., Park, B.H., Joung, D.Y., Jo, J.K., Hoh, J.-K., Choi, W.Y., and Park, K.K. (2021). 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