{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:57:21Z","timestamp":1760147841029,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]],"date-time":"2023-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSF 1454188","AFOSR FA9550-16-1-0272","FA9550-19-1-0186","FA9550-22-1-0285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF 1454188","AFOSR FA9550-16-1-0272","FA9550-19-1-0186","FA9550-22-1-0285"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","award":["NSF 1454188","AFOSR FA9550-16-1-0272","FA9550-19-1-0186","FA9550-22-1-0285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF 1454188","AFOSR FA9550-16-1-0272","FA9550-19-1-0186","FA9550-22-1-0285"]}]},{"name":"academic research fund at the University of Michigan","award":["NSF 1454188","AFOSR FA9550-16-1-0272","FA9550-19-1-0186","FA9550-22-1-0285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF 1454188","AFOSR FA9550-16-1-0272","FA9550-19-1-0186","FA9550-22-1-0285"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Precise nanostructure geometry that enables the optical biomolecular delivery of nanosensors to the living intracellular environment is highly desirable for precision biological and clinical therapies. However, the optical delivery through membrane barriers utilizing nanosensors remains difficult due to a lack of design guidelines to avoid inherent conflict between optical force and photothermal heat generation in metallic nanosensors during the process. Here, we present a numerical study reporting significantly enhanced optical penetration of nanosensors by engineering nanostructure geometry with minimized photothermal heating generation for penetrating across membrane barriers. We show that by varying the nanosensor geometry, penetration depths can be maximized while heat generated during the penetration process can be minimized. We demonstrate the effect of lateral stress induced by an angularly rotating nanosensor on a membrane barrier by theoretical analysis. Furthermore, we show that by varying the nanosensor geometry, maximized local stress fields at the nanoparticle\u2013membrane interface enhanced the optical penetration process by four-fold. Owing to the high efficiency and stability, we anticipate that precise optical penetration of nanosensors to specific intracellular locations will be beneficial for biological and therapeutic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T02:28:34Z","timestamp":1678069714000},"page":"2824","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Optical Penetration of Shape-Controlled Metallic Nanosensors across Membrane Barriers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ancheng","family":"Da","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, Applied Physics, Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, Applied Physics, Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Krach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, Applied Physics, Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}]},{"given":"Yunbo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, Applied Physics, Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}]},{"given":"Younggeun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6784-4043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Somin Eunice","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, Applied Physics, Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat5011","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas guides the future of genetic engineering","volume":"361","author":"Knott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4419","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2022-0286","article-title":"Dynamic observations of CRISPR-Cas target recognition and cleavage heterogeneities","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fortuna, L., and Buscarino, A. 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