{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T09:19:20Z","timestamp":1769851160443,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]],"date-time":"2023-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62205330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62205330"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To overcome the disadvantages of small and random samples in static detection, this paper presents a study on dynamic measurements of solid particles in jet fuel using large samples. In this paper, the Mie scattering theory and Lambert-Beer law are used to analyze the scattering characteristics of copper particles in jet fuel. We have presented a prototype for multi-angle scattered and transmitted light intensity measurements of particle swarms in jet fuel which is used to test the scattering characteristics of the jet fuel mixture with 0.5\u201310 \u03bcm particle sizes and 0\u20131 mg\/L concentrations of copper particles. The vortex flow rate was converted to an equivalent pipe flow rate using the equivalent flow method. Tests were conducted at equivalent flow rates of 187, 250 and 310 L\/min. Through numerical calculations and experiments, it has been discovered that the intensity of the scattering signal decreases as the scattering angle increases. Meanwhile, both the scattered light intensity and transmitted light intensity would vary with the particle size and mass concentration. Finally, the relationship equation between light intensity and particle parameters has also been summarized in the prototype based on the experimental results, which proves its detection capability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T02:28:34Z","timestamp":1678069714000},"page":"2837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Solid Particle Swarm Measurement in Jet Fuel Based on Mie Scattering Theory and Extinction Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Limin","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8984-4688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jifeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bingqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yulai","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4291-0729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoxu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guanyu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.retrec.2012.12.001","article-title":"Analyzing aviation safety: Problems, challenges, opportunities","volume":"43","author":"Oster","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Transp. Econ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2014.10.001","article-title":"A comprehensive review of solid particle erosion modeling for oil and gas wells and pipelines applications","volume":"21","author":"Parsi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2013.03.025","article-title":"Technical review on jet fuel production","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.05.108","article-title":"A review on the production processes of renewable jet fuel","volume":"79","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.12.143","article-title":"Biomass to liquid transportation fuel via Fischer Tropsch synthesis\u2013Technology review and current scenario","volume":"58","author":"Ail","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"971","article-title":"Discussion on quality assurance in the process of aviation kerosene storage and transportation","volume":"39-9","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oil Gas Storage Transp."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1002\/prs.11969","article-title":"Safeguards: A key process safety tool in jet fuel management from refinery to aircraft wings","volume":"37","author":"Adekitan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Process Saf. Prog."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-1354(03)00049-8","article-title":"Scheduling of a multiproduct pipeline system","volume":"27","author":"Rejowski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comput. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Liu, J. (1991). Chinese Jet Fuel, China Petrochemical Press."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"239","article-title":"Security of military aviation flight operations concerning the quality of fuel supplied to aircraft","volume":"94","author":"Wojdat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zesz. Naukowe. Transp.\/Politech. \u015al\u0105ska"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Cui, Y. (2016). Aviation Fuel Analysis and Testing, China Petrochemical Press."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1648(68)90592-9","article-title":"An experimental investigation into aspects of erosion in rocket motor tail nozzles","volume":"11","author":"Neilson","year":"1968","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2005.01.040","article-title":"Practical estimation of erosion damage caused by solid particle impact: Part 2: Mechanical properties of materials directly associated with erosion damage","volume":"259","author":"Oka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.2514\/3.59826","article-title":"Erosion prediction in turbomachinery resulting from environmental solid particles","volume":"12","author":"Grant","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Aircr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2021.112956","article-title":"Performance of a light extinction based wear particle counter under various contamination levels","volume":"331","author":"Eriksen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Schmitigal, J. (2015). Light Obscuration Particle Counter Fuel Contamination Limits, US Army TARDEC Warren United States."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krogs\u00f8e, K., Henneberg, M., and Eriksen, R.L. (2018). Model of a light extinction sensor for assessing wear particle distribution in a lubricated oil system. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124091"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markowicz, K.M., and Chili\u0144ski, M.T. (2020). Evaluation of two low-cost optical particle counters for the measurement of ambient aerosol scattering coefficient and \u00c5ngstr\u00f6m exponent. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20092617"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sousan, S., Regmi, S., and Park, Y.M. (2021). Laboratory evaluation of low-cost optical particle counters for environmental and occupational exposures. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21124146"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17088","DOI":"10.1038\/lsa.2017.88","article-title":"Scattering on scattering","volume":"6","author":"Bonse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-022-00750-7","article-title":"Characteristics of solar-irradiance spectra from measurements, modeling, and theoretical approach","volume":"11","author":"Thuillier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apt.2019.12.003","article-title":"Mass-measurement-type optical particle counting method for determination of number concentration of liquid-borne particles","volume":"31","author":"Kuruma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mabe, J., Zubia, J., and Gorritxategi, E. (2017). Photonic low cost micro-sensor for in-line wear particle detection in flowing lube oils. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17030586"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1080\/10402000902825762","article-title":"A new on-line visual ferrograph","volume":"52","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tribol. Trans."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17174","DOI":"10.1038\/lsa.2017.174","article-title":"Multispectral light scattering endoscopic imaging of esophageal precancer","volume":"7","author":"Qiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2012.733039","article-title":"A high-sensitivity low-cost optical particle counter design","volume":"47","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3864","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.45.003864","article-title":"Determination of the refractive index and size distribution of aerosol from dual-scattering-angle optical particle counter measurements","volume":"45","author":"Hu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Hulst, H.C., and van de Hulst, H.C. (1981). Light Scattering by Small Particles, Courier Corporation."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Bohren, C.F., and Huffman, D.R. (2008). Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duthon, P., Colomb, M., and Bernardin, F. (2019). Light transmission in fog: The influence of wavelength on the extinction coefficient. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9142843"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2008.11.010","article-title":"Detection of water in jet fuel using layer-by-layer thin film coated long period grating sensor","volume":"78","author":"Puckett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1051\/lait:2001105","article-title":"Optical parameters of milk fat globules for laser light scattering measurements","volume":"81","author":"Michalski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lait"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.19.001505","article-title":"Improved Mie scattering algorithms","volume":"19","author":"Wiscombe","year":"1980","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Dodge, M.J. (1986). \u201cRefractive Index\u201d in Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Volume IV, Optical Materials: Part 2, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Querry, M. (1985). Optical Constants, Contractor Report, US Army Chemical Research, Development and Engineering Center (CRDC)."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5271","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.37.005271","article-title":"Optical properties of metallic films for vertical-cavity optoelectronic devices","volume":"37","author":"Elazar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.12693\/APhysPolA.116.585","article-title":"Dispersion proper ties of optical polymers","volume":"116","author":"Sultanova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Pol. Ser. A Gen. Phys."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.12.000555","article-title":"Optical constants of water in the 200-nm to 200-\u03bcm wavelength region","volume":"12","author":"Hale","year":"1973","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/5\/2837\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:48:26Z","timestamp":1760122106000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/5\/2837"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s23052837"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23052837","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]]}}}