{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T09:59:54Z","timestamp":1775642394530,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]],"date-time":"2023-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Research Project of Educational Department of Anhui Province","award":["KJ2021A0668"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ2021A0668"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Research Project of Educational Department of Anhui Province","award":["KJ2020A05280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ2020A05280"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Research Project of Educational Department of Anhui Province","award":["XJRCXM202233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJRCXM202233"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Research Project of Educational Department of Anhui Province","award":["202102153069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102153069"]}]},{"name":"Fuyang Normal University Youth Fund","award":["KJ2021A0668"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ2021A0668"]}]},{"name":"Fuyang Normal University Youth Fund","award":["KJ2020A05280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ2020A05280"]}]},{"name":"Fuyang Normal University Youth Fund","award":["XJRCXM202233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJRCXM202233"]}]},{"name":"Fuyang Normal University Youth Fund","award":["202102153069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102153069"]}]},{"name":"Collaborative Education Project of Education Ministry","award":["KJ2021A0668"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ2021A0668"]}]},{"name":"Collaborative Education Project of Education Ministry","award":["KJ2020A05280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ2020A05280"]}]},{"name":"Collaborative Education Project of Education Ministry","award":["XJRCXM202233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XJRCXM202233"]}]},{"name":"Collaborative Education Project of Education Ministry","award":["202102153069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102153069"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The concentration of an electrolyte is an optical characteristic of drinking water. We propose a method based on the multiple self-mixing interference with absorption for detecting the Fe2+ indicator as the electrolyte sample at a micromolar concentration. The theoretical expressions were derived based on the lasing amplitude condition in the presence of the reflected lights considering the concentration of the Fe2+ indicator via the absorption decay according to Beer\u2019s law. The experimental setup was built to observe MSMI waveform using a green laser whose wavelength was located in the extent of the Fe2+ indicator\u2019s absorption spectrum. The waveforms of the multiple self-mixing interference were simulated and observed at different concentrations. The simulated and experimental waveforms both contained the main and parasitic fringes whose amplitudes varied at different concentrations with different degrees, as the reflected lights participated in the lasing gain after absorption decay by the Fe2+ indicator. The experimental results and the simulated results showed a nonlinear logarithmic distribution of the amplitude ratio, the defined parameter estimating the waveform variations, versus the concentration of the Fe2+ indicator via numerical fitting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T02:28:34Z","timestamp":1678069714000},"page":"2838","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Novel Method for Detecting Fe2+ at a Micromolar Concentration Based on Multiple Self-Mixing Interference Using a Fiber Laser"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Wu","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Informatics of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhuo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Informatics of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guo","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Informatics of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhou","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Informatics of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiaoyun","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Informatics of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Hai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Informatics of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zeqing","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Informatics of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1063\/1.324672","article-title":"Laser interferometry by induced modulation of cavity field","volume":"49","author":"Donati","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. 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