{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T21:55:08Z","timestamp":1781387708270,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62205364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62205364"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022M713291"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M713291"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JSGG20220831103402004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSGG20220831103402004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JSGG20201103091401005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSGG20201103091401005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"China Post-doctoral Science Foundation","award":["62205364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62205364"]}]},{"name":"China Post-doctoral Science Foundation","award":["2022M713291"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M713291"]}]},{"name":"China Post-doctoral Science Foundation","award":["JSGG20220831103402004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSGG20220831103402004"]}]},{"name":"China Post-doctoral Science Foundation","award":["JSGG20201103091401005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSGG20201103091401005"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019443","name":"Shenzhen Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62205364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62205364"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019443","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019443","name":"Shenzhen Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022M713291"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022M713291"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019443","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019443","name":"Shenzhen Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JSGG20220831103402004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSGG20220831103402004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019443","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019443","name":"Shenzhen Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JSGG20201103091401005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSGG20201103091401005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019443","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To accurately achieve distal contact force, a novel temperature-compensated sensor is developed and integrated into an atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation catheter. Methods: A dual elastomer-based dual FBGs structure is used to differentiate the strain on the two FBGs to achieve temperature compensation, and the design is optimized and validated by finite element simulation. Results: The designed sensor has a sensitivity of 90.5 pm\/N, resolution of 0.01 N, and root\u2013mean\u2013square error (RMSE) of 0.02 N and 0.04 N for dynamic force loading and temperature compensation, respectively, and can stably measure distal contact forces with temperature disturbances. Conclusion: Due to the advantages, i.e., simple structure, easy assembly, low cost, and good robustness, the proposed sensor is suitable for industrial mass production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T01:43:35Z","timestamp":1678153415000},"page":"2866","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Novel Catheter Distal Contact Force Sensing for Cardiac Ablation Based on Fiber Bragg Grating with Temperature Compensation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1223-0800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuyang","family":"Lou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China"},{"name":"Opto-Electronic Engineering and Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Opto-Electronic Engineering and Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Opto-Electronic Engineering and Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianwei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9279-8245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuming","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Opto-Electronic Engineering and Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1586\/14779072.2016.1168695","article-title":"Contact force sensing during atrial fibrillation ablation: Clinical experience and effects on outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002476","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002476","article-title":"Impact of contact force technology on atrial fibrillation ablation: A meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Shurrab","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2009.01693.x","article-title":"Importance of catheter contact force during irrigated radiofrequency ablation: Evaluation in a porcine ex vivo model using a force-sensing catheter","volume":"21","author":"Thiagalingam","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.12298","article-title":"Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging analysis of the relationship between contact force and left atrial scar formation after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation","volume":"25","author":"Sohns","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.06.026","article-title":"Use of contact force sensing technology during radiofrequency ablation reduces recurrence of atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Afzal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"211","article-title":"Use of a contact force-sensing ablation catheter with advanced catheter location significantly reduces fluoroscopy time and radiation dose in catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"EP Eur."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.108.803650","article-title":"Novel contact force sensor incorporated in irrigated radiofrequency ablation catheter predicts lesion size and incidence of steam pop and thrombus","volume":"1","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythmia Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.11.105","article-title":"A prospective study on safety of catheter ablation procedures: Contact force guided ablation could reduce the risk of cardiac perforation","volume":"179","author":"Akca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.110.959429","article-title":"Assessment of catheter tip contact force resulting in cardiac perforation in swine atria using force sensing technology","volume":"4","author":"Perna","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythmia Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.12409","article-title":"Contact-force recovery can predict cardiac perforation during radiofrequency ablation","volume":"37","author":"Nazeri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2014.11.028","article-title":"Optimal contact forces to minimize cardiac perforations before, during, and\/or after radiofrequency or cryothermal ablations","volume":"12","author":"Quallich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.04.072","article-title":"Paroxysmal AF catheter ablation with a contact force sensing catheter: Results of the prospective, multicenter SMART-AF trial","volume":"64","author":"Natale","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2011.08.021","article-title":"A novel radiofrequency ablation catheter using contact force sensing: Toccata study","volume":"9","author":"Kuck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.113.000374","article-title":"Electrical reconnection after pulmonary vein isolation is contingent on contact force during initial treatment: Results from the EFFICAS I study","volume":"6","author":"Neuzil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythmia Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1229","article-title":"EFFICAS II: Optimization of catheter contact force improves outcome of pulmonary vein isolation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation","volume":"17","author":"Kautzner","year":"2015","journal-title":"EP Eur."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014092","article-title":"Randomized, controlled trial of the safety and effectiveness of a contact force\u2013sensing irrigated catheter for ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: Results of the TactiCath Contact Force Ablation Catheter Study for Atrial Fibrillation (TOCCASTAR) study","volume":"132","author":"Reddy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14105","DOI":"10.3390\/s131014105","article-title":"Optical fiber-based MR-compatible sensors for medical applications: An overview","volume":"13","author":"Taffoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2654489","article-title":"Fiber-optic force sensors for MRI-guided interventions and rehabilitation: A review","volume":"17","author":"Su","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2021.1917372","article-title":"Contact force sensors in minimally invasive catheters: Current and future applications","volume":"18","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Med Devices"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polygerinos, P., Schaeffter, T., Seneviratne, L., and Althoefer, K. (2009, January 3\u20136). A fibre-optic catheter-tip force sensor with MRI compatibility: A feasibility study. Proceedings of the 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Minneapolis, MN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2009.5334163"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2010.2085270","article-title":"Modeling of light intensity-modulated fiber-optic displacement sensors","volume":"60","author":"Polygerinos","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2011.2181405","article-title":"Triaxial catheter-tip force sensor for MRI-guided cardiac procedures","volume":"18","author":"Polygerinos","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7924","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2600671","article-title":"Image-based optical miniaturized three-axis force sensor for cardiac catheterization","volume":"16","author":"Noh","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8936","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2619383","article-title":"Temperature-compensated optical fiber force sensing at the tip of a surgical needle","volume":"16","author":"Mo","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gan, L., Duan, W., Akinyemi, T.O., Du, W., Omisore, O.M., and Wang, L. (2021). Development of a Fiber Bragg Grating-based Force Sensor for Minimally Invasive Surgery\u2014Case Study of Ex-vivo Tissue Palpation. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2021.3136179"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2779153","article-title":"A millinewton resolution fiber Bragg grating-based catheter two-dimensional distal force sensor for cardiac catheterization","volume":"18","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2018.2867472","article-title":"Three-dimensional catheter distal force sensing for cardiac ablation based on fiber Bragg grating","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2951782","article-title":"A high-sensitivity fiber Bragg grating-based distal force sensor for laparoscopic surgery","volume":"20","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2021.3055173","article-title":"A novel 3-DOF force sensing microneedle with integrated fiber Bragg grating for microsurgery","volume":"69","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14911","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3187771","article-title":"An FBG-Based 3-DOF Force Sensor With Simplified Structure for Retinal Microsurgery","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156863","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3019138","article-title":"Fiber bragg gratings for medical applications and future challenges: A review","volume":"8","author":"Presti","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/s13320-018-0504-y","article-title":"Packaging and temperature compensation of fiber Bragg grating for strain sensing: A survey","volume":"8","author":"Kuang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photonic Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"522","article-title":"A submillimetric 3-DOF force sensing instrument with integrated fiber Bragg grating for retinal microsurgery","volume":"61","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/5\/2866\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:49:11Z","timestamp":1760122151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/5\/2866"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s23052866"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23052866","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]}}}