{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:07:52Z","timestamp":1787029672279,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Strategic Priority Research Program (A) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA22030302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA22030302"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Side scan sonar (SSS) is a multi\u2013purpose ocean sensing technology, but due to the complex engineering and variable underwater environment, its research process often faces many uncertain obstacles. A sonar simulator can provide reasonable research conditions for guiding development and fault diagnosis, by simulating the underwater acoustic propagation and sonar principle to restore the actual experimental scenarios. However, the current open\u2013source sonar simulators gradually lag behind mainstream sonar technology; therefore, they cannot be of sufficient assistance, especially due to their low computational efficiency and unsuitable high\u2013speed mapping simulation. This paper presents a sonar simulator based on a two\u2013level network architecture, which has a flexible task scheduling system and extensible data interaction organization. The echo signal fitting algorithm proposes a polyline path model to accurately capture the propagation delay of the backscattered signal under high\u2013speed motion deviation. The large\u2013scale virtual seabed is the operational nemesis of the conventional sonar simulators; therefore, a modeling simplification algorithm based on a new energy function is developed to optimize the simulator efficiency. This paper arranges several seabed models to test the above simulation algorithms, and finally compares the actual experiment results to prove the application value of this sonar simulator.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23063083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T03:04:46Z","timestamp":1678763086000},"page":"3083","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A High\u2013Efficiency Side\u2013Scan Sonar Simulator for High\u2013Speed Seabed Mapping"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0242-4531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangjian","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Deep\u2013Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9138-8773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Deep\u2013Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China"},{"name":"Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binjian","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Deep\u2013Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Deep\u2013Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Wu, M., Yu, F., Feng, C., Li, K., Zhu, Y., Rigall, E., and He, B. 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