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In this paper, we extend a novel method for identifying upper extremity functional and nonfunctional use to a new patient population: upper limb amputees. We videotaped five amputees and 10 controls performing a series of minimally structured activities while wearing sensors on both wrists that measured linear acceleration and angular velocity. The video data was annotated to provide ground truth for annotating the sensor data. Two different analysis methods were used: one that used fixed-size data chunks to create features to train a Random Forest classifier and one that used variable-size data chunks. For the amputees, the fixed-size data chunk method yielded good results, with 82.7% median accuracy (range of 79.3\u201385.8) on the 10-fold cross-validation intra-subject test and 69.8% in the leave-one-out inter-subject test (range of 61.4\u201372.8). The variable-size data method did not improve classifier accuracy compared to the fixed-size method. Our method shows promise for inexpensive and objective quantification of functional upper extremity (UE) use in amputees and furthers the case for use of this method in assessing the impact of UE rehabilitative treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23063111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T06:57:11Z","timestamp":1678777031000},"page":"3111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Measurement of Functional Use in Upper Extremity Prosthetic Devices Using Wearable Sensors and Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Elaine M.","family":"Bochniewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The MITRE Corporation, McLean, VA 22102, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geoff","family":"Emmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The MITRE Corporation, McLean, VA 22102, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander W.","family":"Dromerick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medstar National Rehabilitation Network, Washington, DC 20010, USA"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI 02908, USA"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8051-9539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Barth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medstar National Rehabilitation Network, Washington, DC 20010, USA"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI 02908, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4735-6114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter S.","family":"Lum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA"},{"name":"Medstar National Rehabilitation Network, Washington, DC 20010, USA"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI 02908, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364614554032","article-title":"Responsiveness of outcome measures for upper limb prosthetic rehabilitation","volume":"40","author":"Resnik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prosthet. 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