{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T11:20:00Z","timestamp":1770549600716,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Different visual stimuli can capture and shift attention into different directions. Few studies have explored differences in brain response due to directional (DS) and non-directional visual stimuli (nDS). To explore the latter, event-related potentials (ERP) and contingent negative variation (CNV) during a visuomotor task were evaluated in 19 adults. To examine the relation between task performance and ERPs, the participants were divided into faster (F) and slower (S) groups based on their reaction times (RTs). Moreover, to reveal ERP modulation within the same subject, each recording from the single participants was subdivided into F and S trials based on the specific RT. ERP latencies were analysed between conditions ((DS, nDS); (F, S subjects); (F, S trials)). Correlation was analysed between CNV and RTs. Our results reveal that the ERPs\u2019 late components are modulated differently by DS and nDS conditions in terms of amplitude and location. Differences in ERP amplitude, location and latency, were also found according to subjects\u2019 performance, i.e., between F and S subjects and trials. In addition, results show that the CNV slope is modulated by the directionality of the stimulus and contributes to motor performance. A better understanding of brain dynamics through ERPs could be useful to explain brain states in healthy subjects and to support diagnoses and personalized rehabilitation in patients with neurological diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23063143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T03:14:35Z","timestamp":1678936475000},"page":"3143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Effects of Directional and Non-Directional Stimuli during a Visuomotor Task and Their Correlation with Reaction Time: An ERP Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Miraglia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0020-6274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Pappalettera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Di Ienno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Nucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Cacciotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Manenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di DioFatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy"}]},{"given":"Elda","family":"Judica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Casa di Cura IGEA, Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, 20144 Milano, Italy"}]},{"given":"Paolo Maria","family":"Rossini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6004-9522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Vecchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00367","article-title":"Symbolic control of visual attention","volume":"12","author":"Hommel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol. 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