{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T04:12:46Z","timestamp":1785384766681,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U21B2008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21B2008"]}]},{"name":"Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2019B030302001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B030302001"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research","award":["U21B2008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21B2008"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research","award":["2019B030302001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B030302001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study proposes a three-spacecraft formation reconfiguration strategy of minimum fuel for space gravitational wave detection missions in the high Earth orbit (105 km). For solving the limitations of measurement and communication in long baseline formations, a control strategy of a virtual formation is applied. The virtual reference spacecraft provides a desired relative state between the satellites, which is then used to control the motion of the physical spacecraft to maintain the desired formation. A linear dynamics model based on relative orbit elements\u2019 parameterization is used to describe the relative motion in the virtual formation, which facilitates the inclusion of J2, SRP, and lunisolar third-body gravity effects and provides a direct insight into the relative motion geometry. Considering the actual flight scenarios of gravitational wave formations, a formation reconfiguration strategy based on continuous low thrust is investigated to achieve the desired state at a given time while minimizing interference to the satellite platform. The reconfiguration problem is considered a constrained nonlinear programming problem, and an improved particle swarm algorithm is developed to solve this problem. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate the performance of the proposed method in improving the maneuver sequence distribution and optimizing maneuver consumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23063154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T03:14:35Z","timestamp":1678936475000},"page":"3154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Continuous Low-Thrust Maneuver Planning for Space Gravitational Wave Formation Reconfiguration Based on Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Zhenkun","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of TianQin Mission, TianQin Research Center for Gravitational Physics & School of Physics and Astronomy, Frontiers Science Center for TianQin, Gravitational Wave Research Center of CNSA, Sun Yat-sen University (Zhuhai Campus), Zhuhai 519082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sun Yat-sen University (Shenzhen Campus), Shenzhen 518107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5223-7040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaobin","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Satellite Engineering, Shanghai 201109, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juzheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of TianQin Mission, TianQin Research Center for Gravitational Physics & School of Physics and Astronomy, Frontiers Science Center for TianQin, Gravitational Wave Research Center of CNSA, Sun Yat-sen University (Zhuhai Campus), Zhuhai 519082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of TianQin Mission, TianQin Research Center for Gravitational Physics & School of Physics and Astronomy, Frontiers Science Center for TianQin, Gravitational Wave Research Center of CNSA, Sun Yat-sen University (Zhuhai Campus), Zhuhai 519082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jikun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of TianQin Mission, TianQin Research Center for Gravitational Physics & School of Physics and Astronomy, Frontiers Science Center for TianQin, Gravitational Wave Research Center of CNSA, Sun Yat-sen University (Zhuhai Campus), Zhuhai 519082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A251","DOI":"10.1088\/0264-9381\/13\/11A\/034","article-title":"LISA Mission and System Design","volume":"13","author":"Cornelisse","year":"1996","journal-title":"Class. 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