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On the one hand, during the encoding process of the proposed EDPNet, the enhancement of the Xception network, i.e., Xception+ is employed as a backbone to learn the discriminative feature maps. The obtained discriminative features are then fed into the pyramidal representation module, from which the context-augmented features are learned and optimized by leveraging a multi-level feature representation and aggregation process. On the other hand, during the image restoration decoding process, the encoded semantic-rich features are progressively recovered with the assistance of a simplified skip connection mechanism, which performs channel concatenation between high-level encoded features with rich semantic information and low-level features with spatial detail information. The proposed hybrid representation employing the proposed encoding\u2013decoding and pyramidal structures has a global-aware perception and captures fine-grained contours of various geographical objects very well with high computational efficiency. The performance of the proposed EDPNet has been compared against PSPNet, DeepLabv3, and U-Net, employing four benchmark datasets, namely eTRIMS, Cityscapes, PASCAL VOC2012, and CamVid. EDPNet acquired the highest accuracy of 83.6% and 73.8% mIoUs on eTRIMS and PASCAL VOC2012 datasets, while its accuracy on the other two datasets was comparable to that of PSPNet, DeepLabv3, and U-Net models. EDPNet achieved the highest efficiency among the compared models on all datasets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23063205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T03:33:57Z","timestamp":1679024037000},"page":"3205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["EDPNet: An Encoding\u2013Decoding Network with Pyramidal Representation for Semantic Image Segmentation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8118-3889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3006-5270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianghong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5376-0738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3332-4699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P. Takis","family":"Mathiopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4709-5484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaoning","family":"Di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3240-7484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingming","family":"Sui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0245-5933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiju","family":"Peethambaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Computing Science, Saint Mary\u2019s University, Halifax, NS B3P 2M6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Azad, R., Aghdam, E.K., Rauland, A., Jia, Y., Avval, A.H., Bozorgpour, A., Karimijafarbigloo, S., Cohen, J.P., Adeli, E., and Merhof, D. 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