{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T18:05:07Z","timestamp":1775325907337,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51875455"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51875455"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62075180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62075180"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-YBGY-400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-YBGY-400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22GXFW0089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22GXFW0089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Plan","award":["51875455"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51875455"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Plan","award":["62075180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62075180"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Plan","award":["2023-YBGY-400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-YBGY-400"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Plan","award":["22GXFW0089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22GXFW0089"]}]},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Science and Technology Plan","award":["51875455"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51875455"]}]},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Science and Technology Plan","award":["62075180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62075180"]}]},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Science and Technology Plan","award":["2023-YBGY-400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-YBGY-400"]}]},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Science and Technology Plan","award":["22GXFW0089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22GXFW0089"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Frequency-difference-stabilized dual-frequency solid-state lasers with tunable and large frequency difference have become an ideal light source for the high-accuracy absolute-distance interferometric system due to their stable multistage synthetic wavelengths. In this work, the advances in research on oscillation principles and key technologies of the different kinds of dual-frequency solid-state lasers are reviewed, including birefringent dual-frequency solid-state lasers, biaxial and two-cavity dual-frequency solid-state lasers. The system composition, operating principle, and some main experimental results are briefly introduced. Several typical frequency-difference stabilizing systems for dual-frequency solid-state lasers are introduced and analyzed. The main development trends of research on dual-frequency solid-state lasers are predicted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23063206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T05:36:01Z","timestamp":1679031361000},"page":"3206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Advances of Research on Dual-Frequency Solid-State Lasers for Synthetic-Wave Absolute-Distance Interferometry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9104-3999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingxing","family":"Jiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Precision Instrumental Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Precision Instrumental Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junhong","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Precision Instrumental Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9203-4221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Precision Instrumental Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianhong","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Precision Instrumental Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianning","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Precision Instrumental Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangtao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Precision Instrumental Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"316","article-title":"He-Ne laser nanometer ruler system based on orthogonal polarization double longitudinal mode","volume":"38","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"146","article-title":"Consistency of splitting frequency difference with longitudinal modes spacing variation in Zeeman dual-frequency laser","volume":"70","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1110-x","article-title":"Resonant electro-optic frequency comb","volume":"568","author":"Rueda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"63","article-title":"Fiber-based optical frequency comb at 3.3 \u03bcm for broadband spectroscopy of hydrocarbons","volume":"19","author":"Karol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.7498\/aps.69.20200081","article-title":"Method of measuring absolute distance based on spectral interferometry using an electro-optic comb","volume":"69","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"138","article-title":"Real-time absolute-distance measurement by multi-wavelength interferometry synchronously multi-channel phase-locked to frequency comb and analysis for the potential non-ambiguity range","volume":"70","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"53","article-title":"Isocandela points frequency stabilization in He-Ne Zeeman-birefringence dual-frequency lasers","volume":"45","author":"Tian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infrared Laser Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"101","article-title":"Research on the laser beat-wave interferometry","volume":"32","author":"Zhou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin. J. Lasers"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"509","article-title":"Full-inner-cavity birefringence dual-frequency He-Ne laser with fixed frequency-difference by angle-block and frequency-stabilization","volume":"28","author":"Xiao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chin. J. Lasers"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30275","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.403072","article-title":"Femtosecond dual-comb Yb:CaF2 laser from a single free-running polarization-multiplexed cavity for optical sampling applications","volume":"28","author":"Willenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1147","article-title":"Cavity tuning characteristics of microchip Nd:YAG dual-frequency laser","volume":"33","author":"Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8805","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.008805","article-title":"Analytical modeling of dual-frequency solid-state lasers including a buffer reservoir for noise cancellation","volume":"26","author":"Kevin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2014.2327656","article-title":"Dual-frequency 780-nm Ti:Sa laser for high spectral purity tunable cw THz generation","volume":"26","author":"Loas","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"263","article-title":"Ultraviolet generation in a dual-periodic domain inverted structure in LiTaO3crystal by frequency tripling a 1.064 \u03bcm laser","volume":"253","author":"Villares","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ferroelectrics"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"134","article-title":"Laser diode pumped dual-frequency solid-state lasers","volume":"33","author":"Tao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Tech."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"472","article-title":"Spectral and frequency difference characteristics of the LD-pumped dual-frequency solid-state laser","volume":"25","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Optoelectron. Laser"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gui, K., Zhang, Z.L., Xing, Y.X., and Zhang, H.Y. (2019). Frequency difference thermally and electrically tunable dual-frequency Nd:YAG\/LiTaO3 microchip laser. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9101969"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"283","article-title":"Experimental study of the dual-frequency laser based on the Nd:YVO4\/Nd:GdVO4 combined crystal","volume":"55","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Laser Optoelectron. Prog."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17673","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.017673","article-title":"Dual-frequency laser with two continuously and widely tunable frequencies for optical referencing of GHz to THz beat notes","volume":"22","author":"Danion","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2006.11.059","article-title":"Enhanced self-heterodyne performance using a Nd-doped ceramic YAG laser","volume":"272","author":"McKay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.7498\/aps.56.2663","article-title":"The study on diode-pumped two-frequency solid-state laser with tunable frequency difference","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"135","article-title":"Tunable two-frequency solid-state laser with coupled-cavity configuration","volume":"32","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Opt. Sin."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"100","article-title":"Birefringent dual-frequency Nd:YAG laser with large frequency-difference","volume":"28","author":"Jiao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chin. J. Lasers."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"7","article-title":"Dual-frequency Nd:YAG Laser with a detuning twisted-mode cavity","volume":"47","author":"Xing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Photonica Sin."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.32.001090","article-title":"Dual-frequency single-axis laser using a lead lanthanum zirconate tantalate (PLZT) birefringent etalon for millimeter wave generation: Beyond the standard limit of tunability","volume":"32","author":"Julien","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.30.002418","article-title":"Dual-polarization microchip laser at 1.53 \u03bcm","volume":"30","author":"Brunel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2764","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2008.927209","article-title":"Dual-frequency laser at 1.5 \u03bcm for optical distribution and generation of high-purity microwave signals","volume":"26","author":"Pillet","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Lightw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00340-003-1128-4","article-title":"Diode-pumped CW tunable two-frequency YAG: Nd3+ laser with coupled resonators","volume":"76","author":"Gudelev","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116105","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.58.11.116105","article-title":"Dual-frequency solid-state microchip laser and its frequency difference control","volume":"58","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6248","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.417462","article-title":"Microchip Nd:YAG dual-frequency laser interferometer for displacement measurement","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.22.000384","article-title":"Tunable optical microwave source using spatially, resolved laser eigenstates","volume":"22","author":"Brunel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20040597","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20040597","article-title":"THz-dual-frequency Yb3+:KGd (WO4)2 laser for continuous wave THz generation through photo mixing","volume":"40","author":"Czarny","year":"2004","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"0312025","article-title":"LD-pumped cogain two-cavity dual-frequency Nd:YAG laser with very large frequency-difference","volume":"60","author":"Jiao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Laser Optoelectron. Prog."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2784","DOI":"10.3788\/CJL20103711.2784","article-title":"Design and experimental study of two-cavity dual-frequency solid-state laser with large frequency difference","volume":"37","author":"Jiao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. J. Lasers"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"143","article-title":"Design and experimental study of tunable dual-frequency Nd:YAG laser with large frequency difference","volume":"52","author":"Xing","year":"2015","journal-title":"Laser Optoelectron. Prog."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Shan, D.J. (2018). Research on Frequency-Difference Tuning Techniques of Two-Cavity Dual-Frequency Nd: YAG Laser. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Xi\u2019an University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"056115","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.55.5.056115","article-title":"T-shaped cavity dual-frequency Nd:YAG laser with electro-optical modulation","volume":"55","author":"Xing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"142","article-title":"Two-cavity dual-frequency Nd:YAG laser with a twisted-mode configuration","volume":"44","author":"Xing","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Photonica Sin."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"54","article-title":"Design and experimental investigation of passively Q-switched two-cavity dual-frequency Nd:YAG laser","volume":"45","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Lasers"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"046110","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.61.4.046110","article-title":"Two-cavity dual-frequency Nd:YAG laser based on the principle of longitudinal mode selection by Fabry-Perot etalon","volume":"61","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"250","article-title":"Design of Pound-Drever-Hall laser frequency stabilization system using the quadrature demodulation","volume":"43","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Lasers"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2018.04.098","article-title":"Pound-Drever-Hall laser frequency locking technique based on orthogonal demodulation","volume":"168","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"046109","article-title":"Design of frequency-difference stabilizing system for two-cavity dual-frequency Nd:YAG laser using quadrature-demodulated Pound-Drever-Hall method","volume":"61","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"106106","article-title":"Design of frequency-difference stabilizing system for two-cavity dual-frequency Nd:YAG laser using single-modulator quadrature-demodulated Pound-Drever-Hall method","volume":"61","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"L222685","article-title":"Design of synthetic-wave absolute-distance interferometric system using two-cavity dual-frequency Nd:YAG laser with large frequency-difference","volume":"60","author":"Jiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Laser Optoelectron. Prog."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.001612","article-title":"Wavelength locking of CW and Q-switched Er3+ microchip lasers to acetylene absorption lines using pump-power modulation","volume":"15","author":"Brunel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.28.001104","article-title":"Beat-note locking in dual-polarization lasers submitted to frequency-shifted optical feedback","volume":"28","author":"Vallet","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. B"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4399","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.004399","article-title":"Beat note stabilization of a 10-60 GHz dual-polarization microlaser through optical down conversion","volume":"19","author":"Rolland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065802","DOI":"10.1088\/1612-202X\/aa6c7e","article-title":"Frequency stabilization of a dual frequency Yb3+:GdAl3(BO3)4 laser via nonlinear loss modulation in black phosphorus","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laser Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16402","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.016402","article-title":"Iodine-stabilized high-resolution dual-frequency Ti:sapphire laser","volume":"26","author":"Pique","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.32.001099","article-title":"Beat-note jitter suppression in a dual-frequency laser using optical feedback","volume":"32","author":"Kervevan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13511","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.013511","article-title":"Stabilization of heterogeneous silicon lasers using Pound-Drever-Hall locking to Si3N4 ring resonators","volume":"24","author":"Spencer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.42.001277","article-title":"Compact thermal-noise-limited reference cavity for ultra-low-noise microwave generation","volume":"42","author":"Davila","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"063102","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5093551","article-title":"Ultraviolet Fabry-Perot cavity with stable finesse under ultrahigh vacuum conditions","volume":"90","author":"Schmitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"198","article-title":"280 mHz linewidth DBR fiber laser based on PDH frequency stabilization with ultra-stable cavity","volume":"48","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Lasers"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1364\/PRJ.449782","article-title":"Measurement of sub-fm\/Hz1\/2 displacement spectral densities in ultrahigh-Q single-crystal microcavities with hertz-level lasers","volume":"10","author":"Jang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photonics Res."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"30","article-title":"Review of precision measurements of the zero-thermal-expansion temperature of ultra-stable cavity","volume":"42","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metrol. Meas. Technol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/6\/3206\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:57:33Z","timestamp":1760122653000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/6\/3206"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s23063206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23063206","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]}}}