{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T05:53:12Z","timestamp":1771998792837,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nitto Denko Corporation, Tokyo, Japan","award":["PC87200005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PC87200005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Knee kinematics during gait is an important assessment tool in health-promotion and clinical fields. This study aimed to determine the validity and reliability of a wearable goniometer sensor for measuring knee flexion angles throughout the gait cycle. Twenty-two and seventeen participants were enrolled in the validation and reliability study, respectively. The knee flexion angle during gait was assessed using a wearable goniometer sensor and a standard optical motion analysis system. The coefficient of multiple correlation (CMC) between the two measurement systems was 0.992 \u00b1 0.008. Absolute error (AE) was 3.3 \u00b1 1.5\u00b0 (range: 1.3\u20136.2\u00b0) for the entire gait cycle. An acceptable AE (&lt;5\u00b0) was observed during 0\u201365% and 87\u2013100% of the gait cycle. Discrete analysis revealed a significant correlation between the two systems (R = 0.608\u20130.904, p \u2264 0.001). The CMC between the two measurement days with a 1-week interval was 0.988 \u00b1 0.024, and the AE was 2.5 \u00b1 1.2\u00b0 (range: 1.1\u20134.5\u00b0). A good-to-acceptable AE (&lt;5\u00b0) was observed throughout the gait cycle. These results indicate that the wearable goniometer sensor is useful for assessing knee flexion angle during the stance phase of the gait cycle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23063266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T04:33:31Z","timestamp":1679286811000},"page":"3266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Validity and Reliability of a Wearable Goniometer Sensor Controlled by a Mobile Application for Measuring Knee Flexion\/Extension Angle during the Gait Cycle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0174-7416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoya","family":"Ishida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12, West 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4663-598X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mina","family":"Samukawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North 12, West 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22015","article-title":"Biomechanical deviations during level walking associated with knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Mills","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094797","article-title":"Knee kinematics and joint moments during gait following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Hart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. 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