{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T08:14:13Z","timestamp":1778746453091,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n of the Spanish Government","award":["PID2019-107885GB-C33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-107885GB-C33"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n of the Spanish Government","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/ 501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/ 501100011033"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, we present power and quality measurements of four transmissions using different emission technologies in an indoor environment, specifically a corridor, at the frequency of 868 MHz under two non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions. A narrowband (NB) continuous wave (CW) signal has been transmitted, and its received power has been measured with a spectrum analyzer, LoRa and Zigbee signals have also been transmitted, and their Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and bit error rate (BER) have been measured using the transceivers themselves; finally, a 20 MHz bandwidth 5G QPSK signal has also been transmitted and their quality parameters, such as SS-RSRP, SS-RSRQ and SS-RINR, have been measured using a SA. Thereafter, two fitting models, the Close-in (CI) model and the Floating-Intercept (FI) model, were used to analyze the path loss. The results show that slopes below 2 for the NLOS-1 zone and above 3 for the NLOS-2 zone have been found. Moreover, the CI and FI model behave very similarly in the NLOS-1 zone, while in the NLOS-2 zone, the CI model has poor accuracy in contrast to the FI model, which achieves the best accuracy in both NLOS situations. From these models, the power predicted with the FI model has been correlated with the measured BER value, and power margins have been established for which LoRa and Zigbee would each reach a BER greater than 5%; likewise, \u221218 dB has been established for the SS-RSRQ of 5G transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23063283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T07:56:37Z","timestamp":1679298997000},"page":"3283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["LoRa, Zigbee and 5G Propagation and Transmission Performance in an Indoor Environment at 868 MHz"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9760-5230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Robles-Enciso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technologies and Communications Department, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3202-0009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel Pilar","family":"Morales-Arag\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Automatics, Electrical Engineering and Electronic Technology, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0573-5164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Serna-Sabater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technologies and Communications Department, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8047-7655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Teresa","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Ingl\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Applied Techniques, Centro Universitario de la Defensa, San Javier Air Force Base, Ministerio de Defensa-Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, 30720 Santiago de la Ribera, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1943-686X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Mateo-Aroca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Automatics, Electrical Engineering and Electronic Technology, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6415-7363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose-Mar\u00eda","family":"Molina-Garcia-Pardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technologies and Communications Department, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1046-3466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro","family":"Juan-Ll\u00e1cer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technologies and Communications Department, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.7588228","article-title":"Key design of driving industry 4.0: Joint energy-efficient deployment and scheduling in group-based industrial wireless sensor networks","volume":"54","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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