{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T13:45:55Z","timestamp":1771335955410,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union","award":["101057527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101057527"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["101057262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101057262"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper compares different low-cost sensors that can measure (5G) RF-EMF exposure. The sensors are either commercially available (off-the-shelf Software Defined Radio (SDR) Adalm Pluto) or constructed by a research institution (i.e., imec-WAVES, Ghent University and Smart Sensor Systems research group (S\u00b3R), The Hague University of Applied Sciences). Both in-lab (GTEM cell) and in-situ measurements have been performed for this comparison. The in-lab measurements tested the linearity and sensitivity, which can then be used to calibrate the sensors. The in-situ testing confirmed that the low-cost hardware sensors and SDR can be used to assess the RF-EMF radiation. The variability between the sensors was 1.78 dB on average, with a maximum deviation of 5.26 dB. Values between 0.09 V\/m and 2.44 V\/m were obtained at a distance of about 50 m from the base station. These devices can be used to provide the general public and governments with temporal and spatial 5G electromagnetic field values.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23063312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T07:30:26Z","timestamp":1679383826000},"page":"3312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Comparison of Low-Cost 5G Electromagnetic Field Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1954-6738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth","family":"Deprez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, IMEC-WAVES, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1175-9165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loek","family":"Colussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiocommunications Agency, 9726 AH Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erdal","family":"Korkmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Smart Sensor Systems, The Hague University of Applied Sciences, 2521 EN Den Haag, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7444-4312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam","family":"Aerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, IMEC-WAVES, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Research Group Smart Sensor Systems, The Hague University of Applied Sciences, 2521 EN Den Haag, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derek","family":"Land","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Smart Sensor Systems, The Hague University of Applied Sciences, 2521 EN Den Haag, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Littel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Smart Sensor Systems, The Hague University of Applied Sciences, 2521 EN Den Haag, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leen","family":"Verloock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, IMEC-WAVES, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8879-5076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Plets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, IMEC-WAVES, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8807-0673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wout","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, IMEC-WAVES, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Bolte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Smart Sensor Systems, The Hague University of Applied Sciences, 2521 EN Den Haag, The Netherlands"},{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Quantifying The Impact of 5G and Covid19 on Mobile Data Consumption","volume":"1","author":"Rizzato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Internet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2864779","article-title":"Small Cells in the Forthcoming 5G\/IoT: Traffic Modelling and Deployment Overview","volume":"21","author":"Ever","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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