{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T04:32:33Z","timestamp":1769920353538,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Inha University Research Grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lightning strikes can cause significant damage to critical infrastructure and pose a serious threat to public safety. To ensure the safety of facilities and investigate the causes of lightning accidents, we propose a cost-effective design method for a lightning current measuring instrument that uses a Rogowski coil and dual signal conditioning circuits to detect a wide range of lightning currents, ranging from hundreds of A to hundreds of kA. To implement the proposed lightning current measuring instrument, we design signal conditioning circuits and software capable of detecting and analyzing lightning currents from \u00b1500 A to \u00b1100 kA. By employing dual signal conditioning circuits, it offers the advantage of detecting a wide range of lightning currents compared to existing lightning current measuring instruments. The proposed instrument has the following features: First, the peak current, polarity, T1 (front time), T2 (time to half value), and Q (amount of energy of the lightning current) can be analyzed and measured with a fast sampling time of 380 ns. Second, it can distinguish whether a lightning current is induced or direct. Third, a built-in SD card is provided to save the detected lightning data. Finally, it provides Ethernet communication capability for remote monitoring. The performance of the proposed instrument is evaluated and validated by applying induced and direct lightning using a lightning current generator.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23063349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T08:36:16Z","timestamp":1679474176000},"page":"3349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Cost-Effective Lightning Current Measuring Instrument with Wide Current Range Detection Using Dual Signal Conditioning Circuits"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1900-4680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youngjun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sungjin Techwin Co., Ltd., 62, Yuseong-daero 877 beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34127, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0665-1464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Sam","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1259100","article-title":"Projected increase in lightning strikes in the United States due to global warming","volume":"346","author":"David","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10823","DOI":"10.1029\/94JD00019","article-title":"Possible implications of global climate change on global lightning distributions and frequencies","volume":"99","author":"Colin","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atoms."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2021). Lightning Report, Weathers Radar Center of Korea Meteorological Administration."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Haddad, A., and Warne, D.F. (2017). Advances in High Voltage Engineering, The Institution of Engineering and Technology. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nur, H.Z., Mohd, Z.A.A.K., Mohd, A.M.R., Mahdi, I., Norhafiz, A., Nor, I.A., and Mohd, S.M.N. (2017). Lightning surge analysis on a large scale grid-connected solar photovoltaic system. Energies, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/en10122149"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreotti, A., Mottola, F., Pierno, A., and Proto, D. (2018). On the statistical characterization of lightning-induced voltages. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8040651"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filik, K., Karnas, G., Mas\u0142owski, G., Oleksy, M., Oliwa, R., and Bulanda, K. (2021). Testing of Conductive Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites Using Current Impulses Simulating Lightning Effects. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14237899"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2023, February 27). IEC 62305-1; Protection against Lightning\u2014Part 1: General Principles. Available online: https:\/\/webstore.iec.ch\/preview\/info_iec62305-1%7Bed2.0%7Den.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2023, February 27). IEC 62305-2; Protection against Lightning\u2014Part 2: Rick Management. Available online: https:\/\/webstore.iec.ch\/preview\/info_iec62305-2%7Bed2.0%7Den.pdf."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2023, February 27). IEC 62305-3; Protection against Lightning\u2014Part 3: Physical Damage to Structures and Life Hazard. Available online: https:\/\/webstore.iec.ch\/preview\/info_iec62305-3%7Bed2.0%7Den.pdf."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2023, February 27). IEC 60305-4; Protection against Lightning\u2014Part 4: Electrical and Electronic System within Structures. Available online: https:\/\/webstore.iec.ch\/preview\/info_iec62305-4%7Bed2.0%7Den.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8957","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2014.10067","article-title":"Development of thermal runaway preventing ZnO varistor for surge protective device","volume":"14","author":"Jeoung","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34818","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3062454","article-title":"Impulse life evaluation method of MOV based on Weibull distribution","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M.O., Kim, K., Yun, J.H., and Kim, M.K. (2020). Fire risk assessment of cable bridges for installation of firefighting facilities. Fire Saf. J., 115.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2020.103146"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhongjiang, Y., Tianqi, Y., and Chunxia, N. (2011, January 2\u20137). Hazard analysis and protection measures of direct lightning on Lishui bridge. Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering, Rzeszow, Poland.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECENG.2011.6058419"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edirisinghe, C.M., Rupasinghe, D., and Jinadasa, C.P. (2015). Design Methods of Lightning Protection Systems by Keeping Aesthetic View of Architecturally Complex Structures. Int. Lett. Chem. Phys. Astron., 52.","DOI":"10.56431\/p-c0wigc"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"151","article-title":"Does Temperature Effects to Propagation and Growth of Cracks in a Stay-cable of Cable-Bridge due to Lightining\u2013Strike?","volume":"5","author":"Tsili","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartono, Z.A., and Robiah, I. (2014, January 11\u201318). Lightning protection for the Holy Mosque and the Jamarat Bridge in Makkah. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Lightning Protection, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICLP.2014.6973327"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge, J.M., Shen, Y., Yu, W.B., Han, Y., and Duan, F.W. (2019). Study on the application of optical current sensor for lightning current measurement of transmission line. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19235110"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawabata, T., Yanagawa, S., Takahashi, H., and Yamamoto, K. (2013, January 7\u201311). A development of a shunt lightning current measuring system using a Rogowski coil. Proceedings of the 2013 International Symposium on Lightning Protection (XII SIPDA), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/SIPDA.2013.6729212"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, Y., and Lee, Y.S. (2020). A low-cost surge current detection sensor with predictive lifetime display function for maintenance of surge protective devices. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20082310"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2023, February 27). Datasheet of Rogowski Coil. Available online: http:\/\/www.anyparts.co.kr\/shop\/goods\/goods_view.php?&goodsno=1288771226."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1109\/67.595293","article-title":"Rogowski coils suit relay protection and measurement~ of power systems","volume":"10","author":"Kojovic","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Appl. Power"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2012.2212502","article-title":"Digital compensation of Rogowski coil\u2019s output voltage","volume":"62","author":"Hemmati","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2023, February 27). Datasheet of TMS320F28335. Available online: https:\/\/www.ti.com\/product\/ko-kr\/TMS320F28335."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2023, February 27). Datasheet of ATMEGA1280. Available online: https:\/\/www.microchip.com\/en-us\/product\/ATMEGA1280."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2023, February 27). Datasheet of SAM3X\/SAM3A. Available online: https:\/\/www.microchip.com\/en-us\/product\/ATSAM3X8E."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2023, February 27). Datasheet of STM32MP157. Available online: https:\/\/www.st.com\/en\/microcontrollers-microprocessors\/stm32mp157.html."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2023, February 27). Datasheet of dsPIC33EP. Available online: https:\/\/www.microchip.com\/en-us\/products\/microcontrollers-and-microprocessors\/dspic-dscs\/dspic33e\/dspic33ep-gp."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/6\/3349\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:00:47Z","timestamp":1760122847000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/6\/3349"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s23063349"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23063349","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]}}}