{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T18:37:01Z","timestamp":1776537421385,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spent Fuel and Waste Science and Technology","award":["SAND2022-7782R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAND2022-7782R"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research presents a simple method to additively manufacture Cone 5 porcelain clay ceramics by using the direct ink-write (DIW) printing technique. DIW has allowed the application of extruding highly viscous ceramic materials with relatively high-quality and good mechanical properties, which additionally allows a freedom of design and the capability of manufacturing complex geometrical shapes. Clay particles were mixed with deionized (DI) water at different ratios, where the most suitable composition for 3D printing was observed at a 1:5 w\/c ratio (16.2 wt.%. of DI water). Differential geometrical designs were printed to demonstrate the printing capabilities of the paste. In addition, a clay structure was fabricated with an embedded wireless temperature and relative humidity (RH) sensor during the 3D printing process. The embedded sensor read up to 65% RH and temperatures of up to 85 \u00b0F from a maximum distance of 141.7 m. The structural integrity of the selected 3D printed geometries was confirmed through the compressive strength of fired and non-fired clay samples, with strengths of 70 MPa and 90 MPa, respectively. This research demonstrates the feasibility of using the DIW printing of porcelain clay with embedded sensors, with fully functional temperature- and humidity-sensing capabilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23063352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T08:36:16Z","timestamp":1679474176000},"page":"3352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Direct Ink-Write Printing of Ceramic Clay with an Embedded Wireless Temperature and Relative Humidity Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Cory","family":"Marquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA"},{"name":"W.M. Keck Center for 3D Innovation, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA"},{"name":"Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesus J.","family":"Mata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA"},{"name":"W.M. Keck Center for 3D Innovation, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anabel","family":"Renteria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA"},{"name":"W.M. Keck Center for 3D Innovation, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7243-8349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia Gabriela","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA"},{"name":"W.M. Keck Center for 3D Innovation, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA"},{"name":"W.M. Keck Center for 3D Innovation, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annette N.","family":"Baca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Nu\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0466-5395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Sahid","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA"},{"name":"W.M. Keck Center for 3D Innovation, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Art, Ceramics Area, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dina","family":"Perlasca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Art, Ceramics Area, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yifeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongliang","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica N.","family":"Kruichak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Espalin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA"},{"name":"W.M. Keck Center for 3D Innovation, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yirong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA"},{"name":"W.M. Keck Center for 3D Innovation, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s11440-021-01250-5","article-title":"Performance investigation of 3D printed clay soil using fiber Bragg grating technology","volume":"17","author":"Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Geotech."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2017.12.219","article-title":"3D printing of kaolinite clay ceramics using the Direct Ink Writing (DIW) technique","volume":"44","author":"Revelo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ceram. 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