{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T18:06:31Z","timestamp":1771524391347,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001823","name":"Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16-019\/0000778"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16-019\/0000778"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001823","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001823","name":"Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SGS23\/186\/OHK3\/3T\/13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGS23\/186\/OHK3\/3T\/13"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001823","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007655","name":"Czech Technical University in Prague","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16-019\/0000778"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16-019\/0000778"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007655","name":"Czech Technical University in Prague","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SGS23\/186\/OHK3\/3T\/13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGS23\/186\/OHK3\/3T\/13"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Timepix3 is a hybrid pixellated radiation detector consisting of a 256 px \u00d7 256 px radiation-sensitive matrix. Research has shown that it is susceptible to energy spectrum distortion due to temperature variations. This can lead to a relative measurement error of up to 35% in the tested temperature range of 10 \u00b0C to 70 \u00b0C. To overcome this issue, this study proposes a complex compensation method to reduce the error to less than 1%. The compensation method was tested with different radiation sources, focusing on energy peaks up to 100 keV. The results of the study showed that a general model for temperature distortion compensation could be established, where the error in the X-ray fluorescence spectrum of Lead (74.97\u00a0keV) was reduced from 22% to less than 2% for 60 \u00b0C after the correction was applied. The validity of the model was also verified at temperatures below 0 \u00b0C, where the relative measurement error for the Tin peak (25.27\u00a0keV) was reduced from\u00a011.4%\u00a0to\u00a02.1%\u00a0at\u00a0\u221240\u00a0\u00b0C. The results of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed compensation method and models in significantly improving the accuracy of energy measurements. This has implications for various fields of research and industry that require accurate radiation energy measurements and cannot afford to use power for cooling or temperature stabilisation of the detector.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23063362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T02:35:26Z","timestamp":1679538926000},"page":"3362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Timepix3: Compensation of Thermal Distortion of Energy Measurement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3121-221X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Urban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 2, 166 27 Prague 6, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1054-1700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ondrej","family":"Nentvich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 2, 166 27 Prague 6, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Marek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, V Holesovickach 2, 180 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Advacam, s.r.o., U Pergamenky 1145\/12, 170 00 Prague 7, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Hladik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 2, 166 27 Prague 6, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7273-7349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rene","family":"Hudec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 2, 166 27 Prague 6, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6097-7062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ladislav","family":"Sieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 2, 166 27 Prague 6, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/05704928.2019.1580202","article-title":"Overview of current applications of the Timepix detector in spectroscopy, radiation and medical physics","volume":"55","author":"Marcu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"105720Z","article-title":"Feasibility study of a TIMEPIX detector for mammography applications","volume":"Volume 10572","author":"Romero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Medical Information Processing and Analysis"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmeas.2019.04.007","article-title":"X-ray and gamma imaging with Medipix and Timepix detectors in medical research","volume":"127","author":"Procz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiat. Meas."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C01066","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/6\/01\/C01066","article-title":"Analysis of painted arts by energy sensitive radiographic techniques with the Pixel Detector Timepix","volume":"6","author":"Zemlicka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmeas.2018.08.018","article-title":"Dosimetry in mixed neutron-gamma fields with a Timepix detector","volume":"119","author":"Ekendahl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiat. Meas."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2020.164680","article-title":"Measurements of D\u2013D fusion neutrons generated in nanowire array laser plasma using Timepix3 detector","volume":"985","author":"Bonasera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Accel. Spectrometers Detect. Assoc. Equip."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P01003","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/18\/01\/P01003","article-title":"Detection of fast neutrons with the pixel detector Timepix3","volume":"18","author":"Granja","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3634","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2020.2978456","article-title":"Localization of Ionizing Radiation Sources by Cooperating Micro Aerial Vehicles with Pixel Detectors in Real-Time","volume":"5","author":"Stibinger","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baca, T., Stibinger, P., Doubravova, D., Turecek, D., Solc, J., Rusnak, J., Saska, M., and Jakubek, J. (2021, January 15\u201318). Gamma Radiation Source Localization for Micro Aerial Vehicles with a Miniature Single-Detector Compton Event Camera. Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS), Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUAS51884.2021.9476766"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2019.2918365","article-title":"Characterization of the Radiation Field in the ATLAS Experiment With Timepix Detectors","volume":"66","author":"Bergmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"D\u00e1niel, V., Inneman, A., P\u00edna, L., Zadra\u017eil, V., B\u00e1\u010da, T., Stehl\u00edkov\u00e1, V., Nentvich, O., Urban, M., Mar\u0161\u00edkov\u00e1, V., and McEntaffer, R. (2017). EUV and X-ray Optics: Synergy between Laboratory and Space V, SPIE."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2021.03.019","article-title":"REX: X-ray experiment on the water recovery rocket","volume":"184","author":"Urban","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1002\/asna.201813511","article-title":"Space radiation monitoring with Timepix","volume":"339","author":"Filgas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Astron. Nachrichten"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2015.06.006","article-title":"A semiconductor radiation imaging pixel detector for space radiation dosimetry","volume":"6","author":"Kroupa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Life Sci. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2015.02.016","article-title":"Timepix-based radiation environment monitor measurements aboard the International Space Station","volume":"782","author":"Stoffle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Accel. Spectrometers, Detect. Assoc. Equip."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2016.03.009","article-title":"The SATRAM Timepix spacecraft payload in open space on board the Proba-V satellite for wide range radiation monitoring in LEO orbit","volume":"125","author":"Granja","year":"2016","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2018.11.016","article-title":"Study of the radiation fields in LEO with the Space Application of Timepix Radiation Monitor (SATRAM)","volume":"63","author":"Gohl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1002\/asna.201913674","article-title":"RISEPix\u2014A Timepix-based radiation monitor telescope onboard the RISESAT satellite","volume":"340","author":"Filgas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Astron. Nachrichten"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2017.08.004","article-title":"VZLUSAT-1: Nanosatellite with miniature lobster eye X-ray telescope and qualification of the radiation shielding composite for space application","volume":"140","author":"Urban","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C11010","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/13\/11\/C11010","article-title":"Timepix in LEO Orbit onboard the VZLUSAT-1 Nanosatellite: 1-year of Space Radiation Dosimetry Measurements","volume":"13","author":"Baca","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-019-0589-7","article-title":"In-Orbit Commissioning of Czech Nanosatellite VZLUSAT-1 for the QB50 Mission with a Demonstrator of a Miniaturised Lobster-Eye X-Ray Telescope and Radiation Shielding Composite Materials","volume":"215","author":"Daniel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2018.10.045","article-title":"First results from the LUCID-Timepix spacecraft payload onboard the TechDemoSat-1 satellite in Low Earth Orbit","volume":"63","author":"Furnell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2020.164462","article-title":"Hodoscope with Timepix detectors for PilsenCube2 cubesat","volume":"980","author":"Urban","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Accel. Spectrometers Detect. Assoc. Equip."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granja, C., Hudec, R., Mar\u0161\u00edkov\u00e1, V., Inneman, A., P\u00edna, L., Doubravova, D., Matej, Z., Daniel, V., and Oberta, P. (2022). Directional-Sensitive X-ray\/Gamma-ray Imager on Board the VZLUSAT-2 CubeSat for Wide Field-of-View Observation of GRBs in Low Earth Orbit. Universe, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/universe8040241"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640005","DOI":"10.1142\/S2251171716400055","article-title":"FOXSI-2: Upgrades of the Focusing Optics X-ray Solar Imager for its Second Flight","volume":"5","author":"Christe","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Astron. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Krucker, S., Christe, S., Glesener, L., McBride, S., Turin, P., Glaser, D., Saint-Hilaire, P., Delory, G., Lin, R.P., and Gubarev, M. (2009). Proceedings Volume 7437, Optics for EUV, X-ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy IV, SPIE."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmeas.2021.106535","article-title":"Timepix3: Temperature influence on X-ray measurements in counting mode with Si sensor","volume":"141","author":"Urban","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiat. Meas."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urban, M., Nentvich, O., Marek, L., Hudec, R., and Sieger, L. (2023). Timepix3: Temperature Influence on Radiation Energy Measurement with Si Sensor. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23042201"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2007.08.079","article-title":"Timepix, a 65k programmable pixel readout chip for arrival time, energy and\/or photon counting measurements","volume":"581","author":"Llopart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Accel. Spectrometers, Detect. Assoc. Equip."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C05013","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/9\/05\/C05013","article-title":"Timepix3: A 65K channel hybrid pixel readout chip with simultaneous ToA\/ToT and sparse readout","volume":"9","author":"Poikela","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000021","DOI":"10.1002\/crat.202000021","article-title":"Overview of GaAs und CdTe Pixel Detectors Using Medipix Electronics","volume":"55","author":"Fiederle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cryst. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2018.04.007","article-title":"Application of Timepix3 based CdTe spectral sensitive photon counting detector for PET imaging","volume":"895","author":"Turecek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Accel. Spectrometers Detect. Assoc. Equip."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C01039","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/10\/01\/C01039","article-title":"Timepix3: First measurements and characterization of a hybrid-pixel detector working in event driven mode","volume":"10","author":"Frojdh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Instrum."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/6\/3362\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:00:54Z","timestamp":1760122854000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/6\/3362"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s23063362"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23063362","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]}}}