{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T22:31:34Z","timestamp":1773527494525,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre"},{"name":"Revert Project, Interreg France (Channel Manche) England, funded by ERDF"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intracranial hypertension and adequacy of brain blood flow are primary concerns following traumatic brain injury. Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is a critical diagnostic tool in neurocritical care. However, all ICP sensors, irrespective of design, are subject to systematic and random measurement inaccuracies that can affect patient care if overlooked or disregarded. The wide choice of sensors available to surgeons raises questions about performance and suitability for treatment. This observational study offers a critical review of the clinical and experimental assessment of ICP sensor accuracy and comments on the relationship between actual clinical performance, bench testing, and manufacturer specifications. Critically, on this basis, the study offers guidelines for the selection of ICP monitoring technologies, an important clinical decision. To complement this, a literature review on important ICP monitoring considerations was included. This study utilises illustrative clinical and laboratory material from 1200 TBI patients (collected from 1992 to 2019) to present several important points regarding the accuracy of in vivo implementation of contemporary ICP transducers. In addition, a thorough literature search was performed, with sources dating from 1960 to 2021. Sources considered to be relevant matched the keywords: \u201cintraparenchymal ICP sensors\u201d, \u201cfiberoptic ICP sensors\u201d, \u201cpiezoelectric strain gauge sensors\u201d, \u201cexternal ventricular drains\u201d, \u201cCSF reference pressure\u201d, \u201cICP zero drift\u201d, and \u201cICP measurement accuracy\u201d. Based on single centre observations and the 76 sources reviewed in this paper, this material reports an overall anticipated measurement accuracy for intraparenchymal transducers of around \u00b1 6.0 mm Hg with an average zero drift of &lt;2.0 mm Hg. Precise ICP monitoring is a key tenet of neurocritical care, and accounting for zero drift is vital. Intraparenchymal piezoelectric strain gauge sensors are commonly implanted to monitor ICP. Laboratory bench testing results can differ from in vivo observations, revealing the shortcomings of current ICP sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23073397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T03:16:46Z","timestamp":1679627806000},"page":"3397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Accuracy of Intracranial Pressure Monitoring\u2014Single Centre Observational Study and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5449-6940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam I.","family":"Pelah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke\u2019s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Zakrzewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke\u2019s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"}]},{"given":"Leanne A.","family":"Calviello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke\u2019s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0344-1384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teodoro","family":"Forcht Dagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, Mayo School of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK"}]},{"given":"Zofia","family":"Czosnyka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke\u2019s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2446-8006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Czosnyka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke\u2019s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-65 Warszawa, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2008.02.008","article-title":"Risk Factors and Complications of Intracranial Pressure Monitoring with a Fiberoptic Device","volume":"16","author":"Bekar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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