{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:00:17Z","timestamp":1760148017584,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","award":["ZR2020MF082","IGSD-2020-012","19-3-2-8-zhc","B2022KY005","2018YFB1601500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020MF082","IGSD-2020-012","19-3-2-8-zhc","B2022KY005","2018YFB1601500"]}]},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Intelligent Green Manufacturing Technology and Equipment of Shandong Province","award":["ZR2020MF082","IGSD-2020-012","19-3-2-8-zhc","B2022KY005","2018YFB1601500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020MF082","IGSD-2020-012","19-3-2-8-zhc","B2022KY005","2018YFB1601500"]}]},{"name":"Qingdao Top Talent Program of Entrepreneurship and Innovation","award":["ZR2020MF082","IGSD-2020-012","19-3-2-8-zhc","B2022KY005","2018YFB1601500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020MF082","IGSD-2020-012","19-3-2-8-zhc","B2022KY005","2018YFB1601500"]}]},{"name":"Qingdao University of Science and Technology Postgraduate Independent Research and Innovation Project","award":["ZR2020MF082","IGSD-2020-012","19-3-2-8-zhc","B2022KY005","2018YFB1601500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020MF082","IGSD-2020-012","19-3-2-8-zhc","B2022KY005","2018YFB1601500"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["ZR2020MF082","IGSD-2020-012","19-3-2-8-zhc","B2022KY005","2018YFB1601500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020MF082","IGSD-2020-012","19-3-2-8-zhc","B2022KY005","2018YFB1601500"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Road hypnosis is a state which is easy to appear frequently in monotonous scenes and has a great influence on traffic safety. The effective detection for road hypnosis can improve the intelligent vehicle. In this paper, the simulated experiment and vehicle experiment are designed and carried out to obtain the physiological characteristics data of road hypnosis. A road hypnosis recognition model based on physiological characteristics is proposed. Higher-order spectra are used to preprocess the electrocardiogram (ECG) and electromyography (EMG) data, which can be further fused by principal component analysis (PCA). The Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA), and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) models are constructed to identify road hypnosis. The proposed model has good identification performance on road hypnosis. It provides more alternative methods and technical support for real-time and accurate identification of road hypnosis. It is of great significance to improve the intelligence and active safety of intelligent vehicles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23073404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T03:16:46Z","timestamp":1679627806000},"page":"3404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Recognition Method for Road Hypnosis Based on Physiological Characteristics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Bin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9356-5531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huili","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0065-1001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Longfei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2418-7394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266000, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Intelligent Green Manufacturing Technology and Equipment of Shandong, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fusheng","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.09.022","article-title":"Multilevel analysis of the role of human factors in regional disparities in crash outcomes","volume":"109","author":"Adanu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Accid. 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