{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T16:35:59Z","timestamp":1775666159812,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Primary Research and Development Plan of Shandong Province","award":["2019JZZY010313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019JZZY010313"]}]},{"name":"Primary Research and Development Plan of Shandong Province","award":["ZR2020QA072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020QA072"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","award":["2019JZZY010313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019JZZY010313"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","award":["ZR2020QA072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020QA072"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A resonant acoustic wave detector combined with Fabry\u2013P\u00e9rot interference (FPI) and piezoelectric (PE) effects based on a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric film was proposed to enhance the ability of the sensor to detect acoustic signals in a specific frequency band. The deformation of circular thin films was indicated by the interference and piezoelectric effects simultaneously, and the noise level was decreased by the real-time convolution of the two-way parallel signal. This study reveals that, at the film\u2019s resonance frequency, the minimum detection limits for the FPI and piezoelectric impacts on acoustic waves are 3.39 \u03bcPa\/Hz1\/2 and 20.8 \u03bcPa\/Hz1\/2, respectively. The convolution result shows that the background noise was reduced by 98.81% concerning the piezoelectric signal, and by 85.21% concerning the FPI signal. The convolution\u2019s signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was several times greater than the other two signals at 10 mPa. Therefore, this resonance sensor, which the FPI and the piezoelectric effect synergistically enhance, can be applied to scenarios of acoustic wave detection in a specific frequency band and with ultrahigh sensitivity requirements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23073444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T03:01:14Z","timestamp":1679886074000},"page":"3444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["PVDF Membrane-Based Dual-Channel Acoustic Sensor Integrating the Fabry\u2013P\u00e9rot and Piezoelectric Effects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Qingkai","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Optics Research and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China"}]},{"given":"Linfang","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Optics Research and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Optics Research and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7094-5147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fapeng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Optics Research and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China"}]},{"given":"Xian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Optics Research and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-022-00384-0","article-title":"A versatile acoustically active surface based on piezoelectric microstructures","volume":"8","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2956476","article-title":"Transducers and Arrays for Underwater Sound","volume":"124","author":"Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11221","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2997375","article-title":"P(VDF TrFE) Thin Film Based Transducer for Under Display Ultrasonic Fingerprint Sensing Applications","volume":"20","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2020.109415","article-title":"Investigation on in-situ sprayed, annealed and corona poled PVDF-TrFE coatings for guided wave-based structural health monitoring: From crystallization to piezoelectricity","volume":"199","author":"Ylab","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Callerame, J., Tancrell, R.H., and Wilson, D.T. (1979, January 26\u201328). Transmitters and Receivers for Medical Ultrasonics. Proceedings of the Ultrasonics Symposium, New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.1979.197232"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-2916.2011.04792.x","article-title":"Piezoelectric Materials for High Temperature Sensor","volume":"94","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1999.tb01840.x","article-title":"Ferroelectric Ceramics: History and Technology","volume":"82","author":"Haertling","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2008.918749","article-title":"A Flexible Piezoelectric Sensor for Microfluidic Applications Using Polyvinylidene Fluoride","volume":"8","author":"Chang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. J. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2017.157","article-title":"Electroactive poly(vinylidene fluoride)-based structures for advanced applications","volume":"13","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc. Erecipes Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4148","DOI":"10.1021\/ma900422n","article-title":"Shear-Induced Ordering of Ferroelectric Crystals in Spin-Coated Thin Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) Films","volume":"42","author":"Jung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12130","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b01571","article-title":"Epitaxy of Ferroelectric P(VDF-TrFE) Films via Removable PTFE Templates and Its Application in Semiconducting\/Ferroelectric Blend Resistive Memory","volume":"9","author":"Xia","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000581","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202000581","article-title":"Broad Bandwidth, Self-Powered Acoustic Sensor Created by Dynamic Near-Field Electrospinning of Suspended, Transparent Piezoelectric Nanofiber Mesh","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11108","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11108","article-title":"High-sensitivity acoustic sensors from nanofibre webs","volume":"7","author":"Lang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2941980","article-title":"Quasi-spherical PVDF Ultrasonic Transducer with Double-Cylindrical PVDF Structure","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3269","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.30.003269","article-title":"Miniature all-silica fiber optic pressure and acoustic sensors","volume":"30","author":"Xu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Tofighi, S., Bahrampour, A., Pishbin, N., and Bahrampour, A.R. (2015). Optical Fiber Sensors: Advanced Techniques and Applications, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Tao, J., and Huang, X. (2016). Research Progress on F-P Interference\u2014Based Fiber-Optic Sensors. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16091424"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3788\/COL20100803.0266","article-title":"Polymer diaphragm based sensitive fiber optic Fabry-Perot acoustic sensor","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Udd, E. (1983, January 4\u20138). Fiber-Optic Acoustic Sensor Based on The Sagnac Interferometer. Proceedings of the Techincal Symposium, Arlington, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.936219"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2013.2256343","article-title":"Fiber-Optic Fabry\u2013P\u00e9rot Acoustic Sensor with Multilayer Graphene Diaphragm","volume":"25","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2000749","article-title":"Miniature, high performance, low-cost fiber optic microphone","volume":"118","author":"Bucaro","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3241","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.42.003241","article-title":"Fiber Fabry-Perot sensors for detection of partial discharges in power transformers","volume":"42","author":"Yu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, P., Wang, Y., Chen, Y., Lei, X., Qi, Y., Feng, J., and Liu, X. (2021). A High-Speed Demodulation Technology of Fiber Optic Extrinsic Fabry-Perot Interferometric Sensor Based on Coarse Spectrum. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196609"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2012.05.005","article-title":"The mechanics of graphene nanocomposites: A review","volume":"72","author":"Young","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grattan, K.T.V., and Meggitt, B.T. (2000). Optical Fiber Sensor Technology Fundamentals, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-6081-1"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Dakin, J. (1989). Optical Fiber Sensors: Systems and Applications, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hariharan, P. (2003). Optical Interferometry, Academic Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012311630-7\/50002-2"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Weaver, W.J., Timoshenko, S.P., and Young, D.H. (1974). Vibration Problems in Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Inc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1109\/34.192463","article-title":"A theory for multiresolution signal decomposition: The wavelet representation","volume":"11","author":"Mallat","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/7\/3444\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:02:47Z","timestamp":1760122967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/7\/3444"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s23073444"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23073444","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]}}}