{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:14:13Z","timestamp":1792790053873,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korean Government"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Piezoelectric composites, which consist of a piezoelectric material and a polymer, have been extensively studied for the applications of underwater sonar sensors and medical diagnostic ultrasonic transducers. Acoustic sensors utilizing piezoelectric composites can have a high sensitivity and wide bandwidth because of their high piezoelectric coefficient and low acoustic impedance compared to single-phase piezoelectric materials. In this study, a thickness-mode driving hydrophone utilizing a 2-2 piezoelectric single crystal composite was examined. From the theoretical and numerical analysis, material properties that determine the bandwidth and sensitivity of the thickness-mode piezoelectric plate were derived, and the voltage sensitivity of piezoelectric plates with various configurations was compared. It was shown that the 2-2 composite with [011] poled single crystals and epoxy polymers can provide high sensitivity and wide bandwidth when used for hydrophones with a thickness resonance mode. The hydrophone element was designed and fabricated to have a thickness mode at a frequency around 220 kHz by attaching a composite plate of quarter-wavelength thickness to a hard baffle. The fabricated hydrophone demonstrated an open circuit voltage sensitivity of more than \u2212180 dB re 1 V\/\u03bcPa at the resonance frequency and a \u22123 dB bandwidth of more than 55 kHz. The theoretical and experimental studies show that the 2-2 single crystal composite can have a high sensitivity and wide bandwidth compared to other configurations of piezoelectric elements when they are used for thickness-mode hydrophones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23073445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T03:01:14Z","timestamp":1679886074000},"page":"3445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Theoretical and Experimental Studies on Sensitivity and Bandwidth of Thickness-Mode Driving Hydrophone Utilizing A 2-2 Piezoelectric Single Crystal Composite"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6363-1887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yub","family":"Je","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agency for Defense Development, Changwon 51678, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minseop","family":"Sim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agency for Defense Development, Changwon 51678, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yohan","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agency for Defense Development, Changwon 51678, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang-Goo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ibule Photonics, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee-Seon","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agency for Defense Development, Changwon 51678, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3677","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2155071","article-title":"Challenges in Seafloor Imaging and Mapping With Synthetic Aperture Sonar","volume":"49","author":"Hansen","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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