{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:01:20Z","timestamp":1760148080903,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61921002","61988102","92163204","62071087","62150052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61921002","61988102","92163204","62071087","62150052"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, an angular radial extended interaction amplifier (AREIA) that consists of a pair of angular extended interaction cavities is proposed. Both the convergence angle cavity and the divergence angle cavity, which are designed for the converging beam and diverging beam, respectively, are investigated to present the potential of the proposed AREIA. They are proposed and explored to improve the beam\u2013wave interaction capability of W-band extended interaction klystrons (EIKs). Compared to conventional radial cavities, the angular cavities have greatly decreased the ohmic loss area and increased the characteristic impedance. Compared to the sheet beam (0\u00b0) cavity, it has been found that the convergence angle cavity has a higher effective impedance and the diverging beam has a weaker space-charge effect under the same ideal electron beam area; the advantages become more obvious as the propagation distance increases. Particle-in-cell (PIC) results have shown that the diverging beam (8\u00b0) EIA performs better at an output power of 94 GHz under the condition of lossless, while the converging beam (\u22122\u00b0) EIA has a higher output power of 6.24 kW under the conditions of ohmic loss, an input power of 0.5 W, and an ideal electron beam of 20.5 kV and 1.5 A. When the loss increases and the beam current decreases, the output power of the \u22122\u00b0 EIA can be improved by nearly 30% compared to the 0\u00b0 EIA, and the \u22122\u00b0 EIA has a greatly improved beam\u2013wave interaction capacity than conventional EIAs under those conditions. In addition, an angular radial electron gun is designed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23073517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T01:41:34Z","timestamp":1679967694000},"page":"3517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Angular Radial Extended Interaction Amplifier at the W Band"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Vacuum Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 2006 Xiyuan Avenue, High-Tech District (West District), Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaomeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Vacuum Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 2006 Xiyuan Avenue, High-Tech District (West District), Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingyu","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Vacuum Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 2006 Xiyuan Avenue, High-Tech District (West District), Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhanliang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Vacuum Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 2006 Xiyuan Avenue, High-Tech District (West District), Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huarong","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Vacuum Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 2006 Xiyuan Avenue, High-Tech District (West District), Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhigang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Vacuum Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 2006 Xiyuan Avenue, High-Tech District (West District), Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaoyun","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Vacuum Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 2006 Xiyuan Avenue, High-Tech District (West District), Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yubin","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Vacuum Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 2006 Xiyuan Avenue, High-Tech District (West District), Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1117\/12.218562","article-title":"High-power radial klystron oscillator","volume":"2557","author":"Arman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. 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