{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T17:17:23Z","timestamp":1783790243005,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR)","award":["PE0000006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE0000006"]}]},{"name":"#NEXTGENERATIONEU (NGEU)","award":["PE0000006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE0000006"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of University and Research (MUR), National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP)","award":["PE0000006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE0000006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Planning goal-directed movements towards different targets is at the basis of common daily activities (e.g., reaching), involving visual, visuomotor, and sensorimotor brain areas. Alpha (8\u201313 Hz) and beta (13\u201330 Hz) oscillations are modulated during movement preparation and are implicated in correct motor functioning. However, how brain regions activate and interact during reaching tasks and how brain rhythms are functionally involved in these interactions is still limitedly explored. Here, alpha and beta brain activity and connectivity during reaching preparation are investigated at EEG-source level, considering a network of task-related cortical areas. Sixty-channel EEG was recorded from 20 healthy participants during a delayed center-out reaching task and projected to the cortex to extract the activity of 8 cortical regions per hemisphere (2 occipital, 2 parietal, 3 peri-central, 1 frontal). Then, we analyzed event-related spectral perturbations and directed connectivity, computed via spectral Granger causality and summarized using graph theory centrality indices (in degree, out degree). Results suggest that alpha and beta oscillations are functionally involved in the preparation of reaching in different ways, with the former mediating the inhibition of the ipsilateral sensorimotor areas and disinhibition of visual areas, and the latter coordinating disinhibition of the contralateral sensorimotor and visuomotor areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23073530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T04:37:15Z","timestamp":1679978235000},"page":"3530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Modulations of Cortical Power and Connectivity in Alpha and Beta Bands during the Preparation of Reaching Movements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3791-8555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Borra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering \u201cGuglielmo Marconi\u201d (DEI), University of Bologna, Cesena Campus, 47521 Cesena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0660-7204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Fantozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering \u201cGuglielmo Marconi\u201d (DEI), University of Bologna, Cesena Campus, 47521 Cesena, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research on Health Sciences & Technologies, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Bisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering \u201cGuglielmo Marconi\u201d (DEI), University of Bologna, Cesena Campus, 47521 Cesena, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research on Health Sciences & Technologies, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4673-2974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Magosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering \u201cGuglielmo Marconi\u201d (DEI), University of Bologna, Cesena Campus, 47521 Cesena, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research on Health Sciences & Technologies, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Alma Mater Research Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, University of Bologna, 40121 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.051508.135409","article-title":"Neural Mechanisms for Interacting with a World Full of Action Choices","volume":"33","author":"Cisek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. 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