{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T03:14:15Z","timestamp":1778210055835,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":178,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>American football is the sport with the highest rates of concussion injuries. Biomedical engineering applications may support athletes in monitoring their injuries, evaluating the effectiveness of their equipment, and leading industrial research in this sport. This literature review aims to report on the applications of biomedical engineering research in American football, highlighting the main trends and gaps. The review followed the PRISMA guidelines and gathered a total of 1629 records from PubMed (n = 368), Web of Science (n = 665), and Scopus (n = 596). The records were analyzed, tabulated, and clustered in topics. In total, 112 studies were selected and divided by topic in the biomechanics of concussion (n = 55), biomechanics of footwear (n = 6), biomechanics of sport-related movements (n = 6), the aerodynamics of football and catch (n = 3), injury prediction (n = 8), heat monitoring of physiological parameters (n = 8), and monitoring of the training load (n = 25). The safety of players has fueled most of the research that has led to innovations in helmet and footwear design, as well as improvements in the understanding and prevention of injuries and heat monitoring. The other important motivator for research is the improvement of performance, which has led to the monitoring of training loads and catches, and studies on the aerodynamics of football. The main gaps found in the literature were regarding the monitoring of internal loads and the innovation of shoulder pads.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23073538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T07:05:25Z","timestamp":1679987125000},"page":"3538","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Physiological and Biomechanical Monitoring in American Football Players: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3983-8268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Nocera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9152-7216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnese","family":"Sbrollini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Romagnoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8327-8379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micaela","family":"Morettini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6852-8483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ennio","family":"Gambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Burattini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.018341","article-title":"Understanding injury mechanisms: A key component of preventing injuries in sport","volume":"39","author":"Bahr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2007.038307","article-title":"Biomechanics of the elbow joint in tennis players and relation to pathology","volume":"41","author":"Eygendaal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.023150","article-title":"Biomechanics and tennis","volume":"40","author":"Elliott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0429-1","article-title":"The biomechanics of the modern golf swing: Implications for lower back injuries","volume":"46","author":"Cole","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199316030-00002","article-title":"Biomechanics of rugby union scrummaging","volume":"16","author":"Milburn","year":"1993","journal-title":"Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092972","article-title":"Injury and biomechanical perspectives on the rugby scrum: A review of the literature","volume":"49","author":"Trewartha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110801","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4054379","article-title":"A review of head injury metrics used in automotive safety and sports protective equipment","volume":"144","author":"Rowson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.2174\/1875399X01710010179","article-title":"CaRiSMA 1.0: Cardiac risk self-monitoring assessment","volume":"10","author":"Agostinelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Sport. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2-2","DOI":"10.1123\/IJSPP.2016-0388","article-title":"Monitoring training loads: The past, the present, and the future","volume":"12","author":"Foster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport. Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"NCAA (2022, November 11). NCAA Sports Sponsorship and Participation Rates Database. Available online: https:\/\/www.ncaa.org\/sports\/2018\/10\/10\/ncaa-sports-sponsorship-and-participation-rates-database.aspx."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"ELF (2022, March 17). European League of Football. Available online: https:\/\/europeanleague.football\/."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"AFI (2022, March 17). China: CNFL Emerges as King of the Hill, Expands to 33 Teams for the 2022 Season. Available online: https:\/\/www.americanfootballinternational.com\/china-cnfl-emerges-as-king-of-the-hill-expands-to-33-teams-for-the-2022-season\/."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"League, X. (2022, March 17). X League. Available online: https:\/\/xleague.live\/state-of-the-league-2022\/."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"311","article-title":"Epidemiology of collegiate injuries for 15 sports: Summary and recommendations for injury prevention initiatives","volume":"42","author":"Hootman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-447-20","article-title":"Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Men\u2019s Football: 2014\u20132015 Through 2018\u20132019","volume":"56","author":"Chandran","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"86","article-title":"Mild traumatic brain injury committee, American congress of rehabilitation medicine, head injury interdisciplinary special interest group. Definition of mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"8","author":"Kay","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McInnes, K., Friesen, C.L., MacKenzie, D.E., Westwood, D.A., and Boe, S.G. (2017). Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) and chronic cognitive impairment: A scoping review. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174847"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"495","article-title":"Concussions among United States high school and collegiate athletes","volume":"42","author":"Gessel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190115","article-title":"Long-Term neurological consequences related to boxing and American football: A review of the literature","volume":"69","author":"Casson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0b013e31823a362e","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors in football players","volume":"10","author":"Dixit","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Sport. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2016.07.013","article-title":"Blood pressure and LV remodeling among American-style football players","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003522","article-title":"Blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy during American-style football participation","volume":"128","author":"Weiner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008620","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.008620","article-title":"American-style football and cardiovascular health","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romagnoli, S., Sbrollini, A., Scalese, A., Marcantoni, I., Morettini, M., and Burattini, L. (2021, January 9\u201312). Signal Processing for Athletic Cardiovascular Monitoring with Wearable Sensors: Fully Automatic Detection of Training Phases from Heart Rate Data. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM), Houston, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/BIBM52615.2021.9669408"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S279322","article-title":"Heart rate variability and cardiovascular fitness: What we know so far","volume":"17","author":"Souza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2022.103936","article-title":"RBHHM: A novel remote cardiac cycle detection model based on heartbeat harmonics","volume":"78","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ricciuti, M., Ciattaglia, G., De Santis, A., Gambi, E., and Senigagliesi, L. (2020, January 3\u20135). Contactless Heart Rate Measurements using RGB-camera and Radar. Proceedings of the ICT4AWE, Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.5220\/0009793201210129"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higuchi, Y., Saijo, N., Ishihara, T., Usui, T., Murakami, T., Miyata, M., Ono, K., Usui, S., and Togo, H. (2019, January 23\u201327). New wearable heart rate monitor for contact sports and its potential to change training load management. Proceedings of the 2019 41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Berlin, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2019.8857595"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3019016","article-title":"Wearable sensors for real-time kinematics analysis in sports: A review","volume":"21","author":"Rana","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Connaghan, D., Kelly, P., O\u2019Connor, N.E., Gaffney, M., Walsh, M., and O\u2019Mathuna, C. (2011, January 28\u201331). Multi-sensor classification of tennis strokes. Proceedings of the Sensors, Limerick, Ireland.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2011.6127084"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, W., and Kim, M. (2016, January 19\u201321). Soccer kick detection using a wearable sensor. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC), Jeju Island, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTC.2016.7763408"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2013.01.007","article-title":"Quantification of tackling demands in professional Australian football using integrated wearable athlete tracking technology","volume":"16","author":"Gastin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Probst, L., Brix, F., Schuldt, H., and Rumo, M. (2017, January 19\u201323). Real-time football analysis with StreamTeam. Proceedings of the 11th ACM International Conference on Distributed and Event-based Systems, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1145\/3093742.3095089"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-011-0396-0","article-title":"High school and collegiate football athlete concussions: A biomechanical review","volume":"40","author":"Broglio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-020-02684-w","article-title":"A review of on-field investigations into the biomechanics of concussion in football and translation to head injury mitigation strategies","volume":"48","author":"Rowson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Journell, T.W. (2004). Biomedical Engineering Principles in Sports, Springer."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Rae, W.J. (2004). Biomedical Engineering Principles in Sports, Springer."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01626-4","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2022.106386","article-title":"Guidelines for performing systematic reviews in sports science","volume":"39","author":"Clemente","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Sport"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"2127","article-title":"Methodological quality of case series studies: An introduction to the JBI critical appraisal tool","volume":"18","author":"Munn","year":"2020","journal-title":"JBI Evid. Synth."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"163","article-title":"Conducting systematic reviews of association (etiology): The Joanna Briggs Institute\u2019s approach","volume":"13","author":"Moola","year":"2015","journal-title":"JBI Evid. Implement."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Moola, S., Munn, Z., Tufanaru, C., Aromataris, E., Sears, K., Sfetcu, R., Currie, M., Qureshi, R., Mattis, P., and Lisy, K. (2017). Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer\u2019s Manual, The Joanna Briggs Institute."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (2022, October 28). Quality Assessment Tool for Before-After (Pre-Post) Studies with No Control Group, Available online: https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health-topics\/study-quality-assessment-tools."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000054","article-title":"Methodological guidance for systematic reviews of observational epidemiological studies reporting prevalence and cumulative incidence data","volume":"13","author":"Munn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Evid.-Based Healthc."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Tufanaru, C., Munn, Z., Aromataris, E., Campbell, J., and Hopp, L. (2017). Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer\u2019s Manual, The Joanna Briggs Institute."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-1376","article-title":"PROBAST: A tool to assess the risk of bias and applicability of prediction model studies","volume":"170","author":"Wolff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecns.2015.10.005","article-title":"Assessing the quality of simulation-based research articles: A rating rubric","volume":"11","author":"Fey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Simul. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.06.025","article-title":"Verification of biomechanical methods employed in a comprehensive study of mild traumatic brain injury and the effectiveness of American football helmets","volume":"38","author":"Newman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/19346182.2012.691508","article-title":"Investigation of linear impact energy management and product claims of a novel American football helmet liner component","volume":"4","author":"KrzeminskI","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sport. Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.9.JNS111059","article-title":"Impact test comparisons of 20th and 21st century American football helmets","volume":"116","author":"Bartsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-51.4.08","article-title":"The ability of American football helmets to manage linear acceleration with repeated high-energy impacts","volume":"51","author":"Cournoyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2016.08.019","article-title":"Repetitive impact exposure and characterization of stress-whitening of an American football helmet outer shell material","volume":"55","author":"Krzeminski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"e53929","article-title":"Modified drop tower impact tests for American football helmets","volume":"120","author":"Rush","year":"2017","journal-title":"JoVE (J. Vis. Exp.)"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2018.1513059","article-title":"Validation of a videogrammetry technique for analysing American football helmet kinematics","volume":"19","author":"Bailey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sport. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s12283-019-0311-8","article-title":"Comparison of head impact attenuation capabilities between a standard American football helmet and novel protective equipment that couples a helmet and shoulder pads","volume":"22","author":"Cecchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sport. Eng."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-020-02627-5","article-title":"Comparison of laboratory and on-field performance of American football helmets","volume":"48","author":"Bailey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2566","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-020-02626-6","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a test method for assessing the performance of American football helmets","volume":"48","author":"Bailey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2678","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-020-02637-3","article-title":"Characterization of concussive events in professional American football using videogrammetry","volume":"48","author":"Bailey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-020-02632-8","article-title":"Laboratory reconstructions of concussive helmet-to-helmet impacts in the National Football League","volume":"48","author":"Funk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109551","article-title":"The biomechanics of concussive helmet-to-ground impacts in the National Football League","volume":"99","author":"Kent","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-021-02842-8","article-title":"Laboratory evaluation of shell add-on products for American football helmets for professional linemen","volume":"49","author":"Bailey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2021.103991","article-title":"Auxetic metamaterial optimisation for head impact mitigation in American football","volume":"157","author":"Hanna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-022-03005-z","article-title":"American football helmet effectiveness against a strain-based concussion mechanism","volume":"50","author":"Ghazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200501000-00002","article-title":"Analysis of real-time head accelerations in collegiate football players","volume":"15","author":"Duma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CSMR.0000306515.87053.fa","article-title":"Analysis of linear head accelerations from collegiate football impacts","volume":"5","author":"Brolinson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Sport. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000306103.68635.1a","article-title":"Measurement of head impacts in collegiate football players: Relationship between head impact biomechanics and acute clinical outcome after concussion","volume":"61","author":"Guskiewicz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000306102.91506.8b","article-title":"Measurement of head impacts in collegiate football players: Clinical measures of concussion after high-and low-magnitude impacts","volume":"61","author":"McCaffrey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000306101.83882.c8","article-title":"Measurement of head impacts in collegiate football players: An investigation of positional and event-type differences","volume":"61","author":"Mihalik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"061016","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3130454","article-title":"Linear and angular head acceleration measurements in collegiate football","volume":"131","author":"Rowson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomech Eng."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"011006","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4000249","article-title":"An investigation of the NOCSAE linear impactor test method based on in vivo measures of head impact acceleration in American football","volume":"132","author":"Gwin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-45.6.549","article-title":"Frequency and location of head impact exposures in individual collegiate football players","volume":"45","author":"Crisco","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.08.003","article-title":"Head impact exposure in collegiate football players","volume":"44","author":"Crisco","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-011-0400-8","article-title":"Validation of concussion risk curves for collegiate football players derived from HITS data","volume":"40","author":"Funk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-011-0421-3","article-title":"The relationship between subconcussive impacts and concussion history on clinical measures of neurologic function in collegiate football players","volume":"40","author":"Gysland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.28.2.174","article-title":"Magnitude of head impact exposures in individual collegiate football players","volume":"28","author":"Crisco","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-013-0881-8","article-title":"The effect of visual and sensory performance on head impact biomechanics in college football players","volume":"42","author":"Harpham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000896","article-title":"The Effect of Head Impact Location on Day of Diagnosed Concussion in College Football","volume":"48","author":"Liao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sport. Exerc."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-019-02309-x","article-title":"Factors affecting head impact exposure in college football practices: A multi-institutional study","volume":"47","author":"Campolettano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-019-02335-9","article-title":"Repetitive head impact exposure in college football following an NCAA rule change to eliminate two-a-day preseason practices: A study from the NCAA-DoD CARE Consortium","volume":"47","author":"Stemper","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-020-02658-y","article-title":"Do head injury biomechanics predict concussion clinical recovery in college American football players?","volume":"48","author":"Mihalik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.5193","article-title":"Opportunities for prevention of concussion and repetitive head impact exposure in college football players: A Concussion Assessment, Research, and Education (CARE) Consortium study","volume":"78","author":"McCrea","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-013-0801-y","article-title":"An instrumented mouthguard for measuring linear and angular head impact kinematics in American football","volume":"41","author":"Camarillo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.5.JNS15573","article-title":"Practice type effects on head impact in collegiate football","volume":"124","author":"Reynolds","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4786","article-title":"Subconcussive impact-dependent increase in plasma S100\u03b2 levels in collegiate football players","volume":"34","author":"Kawata","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5376","article-title":"Acute changes in plasma total tau levels are independent of subconcussive head impacts in college football players","volume":"35","author":"Kawata","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2019.1565895","article-title":"NFL blood levels are moderated by subconcussive impacts in a cohort of college football players","volume":"33","author":"Rubin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-020-02654-2","article-title":"On-field performance of an instrumented mouthguard for detecting head impacts in American football","volume":"48","author":"Gabler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109969","article-title":"Analysis of head acceleration events in collegiate-level American football: A combination of qualitative video analysis and in-vivo head kinematic measurement","volume":"110","author":"Tierney","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2760","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-021-02826-8","article-title":"Development of a low-power instrumented mouthpiece for directly measuring head acceleration in American football","volume":"49","author":"Gabler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-021-02821-z","article-title":"Time window of head impact kinematics measurement for calculation of brain strain and strain rate in American football","volume":"49","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2012.09.017","article-title":"An examination of American football helmets using brain deformation metrics associated with concussion","volume":"45","author":"Post","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2013.766724","article-title":"A centric\/non-centric impact protocol and finite element model methodology for the evaluation of American football helmets to evaluate risk of concussion","volume":"17","author":"Post","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1299\/jbse.16-00393","article-title":"Brain injury risk estimation of collegiate football player based on game video of concussion suspected accident","volume":"11","author":"Aomura","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101002","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4037399","article-title":"The role of neck muscle activities on the risk of mild traumatic brain injury in American football","volume":"139","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-018-02155-3","article-title":"Development of open-source dummy and impactor models for the assessment of American football helmet finite element models","volume":"47","author":"Giudice","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2018.1445229","article-title":"Brain tissue analysis of impacts to American football helmets","volume":"21","author":"Post","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s40870-019-00189-9","article-title":"Component-level finite element model and validation for a modern American football helmet","volume":"5","author":"Bustamante","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dyn. Behav. Mater."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-020-02472-6","article-title":"Finite element model of a deformable American football helmet under impact","volume":"48","author":"Giudice","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.109411","article-title":"Sensitivity analysis of muscle properties and impact parameters on head injury risk in American football","volume":"100","author":"Mortensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2019.1600004","article-title":"Biomechanical comparison of concussions with and without a loss of consciousness in elite American football: Implications for prevention","volume":"20","author":"Cournoyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sport. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dymek, M., Ptak, M., Ratajczak, M., Fernandes, F.A., Kwiatkowski, A., and Wilhelm, J. (2021). Analysis of HIC and hydrostatic pressure in the human head during NOCSAE tests of American football helmets. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11030287"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110256","article-title":"Player position in American football influences the magnitude of mechanical strains produced in the location of chronic traumatic encephalopathy pathology: A computational modelling study","volume":"118","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657800600604","article-title":"Traumatic lesions of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe in athletes","volume":"6","author":"Coker","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/19424280.2015.1058427","article-title":"Forefoot bending stiffness of cleated American football shoes","volume":"7","author":"Crandall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Footwear Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/19424280.2016.1165742","article-title":"Quantifying the forefoot bending stiffness of cleated American football shoes using the Football American Shoe Tester (FAST)","volume":"8","author":"Lessley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Footwear Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wannop, J.W., Schrier, N., Worobets, J., and Stefanyshyn, D. (2020). Influence of forefoot bending stiffness on American football performance and metatarsophalangeal joint bending angle. Sport. Biomech., 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2020.1750682"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546512458888","article-title":"An analysis of specific lower extremity injury rates on grass and FieldTurf playing surfaces in National Football League Games: 2000\u20132009 seasons","volume":"40","author":"Hershman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2015.1024277","article-title":"The mechanical interactions between an American football cleat and playing surfaces in-situ at loads and rates generated by elite athletes: A comparison of playing surfaces","volume":"14","author":"Kent","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sport. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2015.1052749","article-title":"The mechanics of American football cleats on natural grass and infill-type artificial playing surfaces with loads relevant to elite athletes","volume":"14","author":"Kent","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sport. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110670","article-title":"Force-limiting and the mechanical response of natural turfgrass used in the National Football League: A step toward the elimination of differential lower limb injury risk on synthetic turf","volume":"127","author":"Kent","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(97)00081-X","article-title":"Mechanical energy contribution of the metatarsophalangeal joint to running and sprinting","volume":"30","author":"Stefanyshyn","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.11.4.443","article-title":"A three-dimensional dynamic analysis of the quarterback\u2019s throwing motion in American football","volume":"11","author":"Rash","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.03.034","article-title":"Foot kinematics and loading of professional athletes in American football-specific tasks","volume":"38","author":"Riley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325967114534591","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967114534591","article-title":"Position-specific hip and knee kinematics in NCAA football athletes","volume":"2","author":"Deneweth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orthop. J. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1247771","article-title":"Knee Articular Cartilage Injuries in the National Football League\u2013Epidemiology and Treatment Approach by Team Physicians","volume":"22","author":"Brophy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Knee Surg."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2011.11.010","article-title":"Full-thickness knee articular cartilage defects in national football league combine athletes undergoing magnetic resonance imaging: Prevalence, location, and association with previous surgery","volume":"28","author":"Nepple","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthrosc. J. Arthrosc. Relat. Surg."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2014-0123","article-title":"Knee joint loading during lineman-specific movements in American football players","volume":"31","author":"Lambach","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"423","article-title":"What is the safest sprint starting position for american football players?","volume":"13","author":"Bonnechere","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sport. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750026","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219519417500269","article-title":"Effects of footwear variations on three-dimensional kinematics and tibial accelerations of specific movements in American football","volume":"17","author":"Sinclair","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mech. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s12283-013-0117-z","article-title":"A review of recent research into aerodynamics of sport projectiles","volume":"16","author":"Goff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sport. Eng."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s12283-015-0184-4","article-title":"The Magnus effect and the American football","volume":"19","author":"Guzman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sport. Eng."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s12283-017-0254-x","article-title":"Investigation of toppling ball flight in American football with a mechanical field-goal kicker","volume":"21","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sport. Eng."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hollaus, B., Stabinger, S., Mehrle, A., and Raschner, C. (2020). Using wearable sensors and a convolutional neural network for catch detection in American football. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20236722"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31822a69c8","article-title":"Upper extremity sensorimotor control among collegiate football players","volume":"26","author":"Laudner","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738114523239","article-title":"Prediction of in-season shoulder injury from preseason testing in division I collegiate football players","volume":"6","author":"Pontillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sport. Health"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-47.3.17","article-title":"Prediction of core and lower extremity strains and sprains in collegiate football players: A preliminary study","volume":"47","author":"Wilkerson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738113498703","article-title":"Dynamic balance performance and noncontact lower extremity injury in college football players: An initial study","volume":"5","author":"Butler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sport. Health"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000138","article-title":"Gaze stabilization test asymmetry score as an indicator of previous concussion in a cohort of collegiate football players","volume":"25","author":"Honaker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-50.2.04","article-title":"A refined prediction model for core and lower extremity sprains and strains among collegiate football players","volume":"50","author":"Wilkerson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001067","article-title":"Lower extremity stiffness changes following concussion in collegiate football players","volume":"49","author":"Dubose","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sport. Exerc."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luedke, L.E., Geisthardt, T.W., and Rauh, M.J. (2020). Y-balance test performance does not determine non-contact lower quadrant injury in collegiate american football players. Sports, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports8030027"},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"329","article-title":"National Athletic Trainers\u2019 Association position statement: Exertional heat illnesses","volume":"37","author":"Binkley","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2020.02.008","article-title":"Epidemiology of exertional heat illnesses in organised sports: A systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Gamage","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"463","article-title":"Heat acclimatization and hydration status of American football players during initial summer workouts","volume":"20","author":"Yeargin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"710","article-title":"Metabolic and thermoregulatory responses to a simulated American football practice in the heat","volume":"21","author":"Hitchcock","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-45.2.117","article-title":"The American football uniform: Uncompensable heat stress and hyperthermic exhaustion","volume":"45","author":"Armstrong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-45.2.107","article-title":"Perceptual responses while wearing an American football uniform in the heat","volume":"45","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagen, J., Himmler, A., Clark, J., Ramadan, J., Stone, J., Divine, J., and Mangine, R. (2020). Test and Evaluation of Heart Rate Derived Core Temperature Algorithms for Use in NCAA Division I Football Athletes. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk5030046"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wardenaar, F.C., Vento, K.A., Ortega-Santos, C.P., Connolly, J., and Vanos, J.K. (2022). The impact of different playing surfaces on physiological parameters in collegiate DI American football athletes. Int. J. Sport. Sci. Coach., 17479541221089748.","DOI":"10.1177\/17479541221089748"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2020.1855958","article-title":"American football uniforms elicit thermoregulatory failure during a heat tolerance test","volume":"8","author":"Launstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Temperature"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2020.1829940","article-title":"Common body temperature sites provide invalid measures of body core temperature in hyperthermic humans wearing American football uniforms","volume":"8","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Temperature"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000427","article-title":"Maximum heat loss potential is lower in football linemen during an NCAA summer training camp because of lower self-generated air flow","volume":"28","author":"Deren","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2935","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318231a643","article-title":"Physical demands of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I football players during preseason training in the heat","volume":"25","author":"DeMartini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001206","article-title":"Quantification of competitive game demands of NCAA division I college football players using global positioning systems","volume":"30","author":"Wellman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001370","article-title":"Utilization of practice session average inertial load to quantify college football injury risk","volume":"30","author":"Wilkerson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2016-0714","article-title":"Relationship between pretraining subjective wellness measures, player load, and rating-of-perceived-exertion training load in American college football","volume":"13","author":"Govus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport. Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2728","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002105","article-title":"Maximum distance and high-speed distance demands by position in NCAA Division I collegiate football games","volume":"31","author":"Sanders","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002106","article-title":"Movement demands and perceived wellness associated with preseason training camp in NCAA Division I college football players","volume":"31","author":"Wellman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001506","article-title":"Quantification of accelerometer derived impacts associated with competitive games in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I college football players","volume":"31","author":"Wellman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002173","article-title":"Comparison of preseason and in-season practice and game loads in National Collegiate Athletic Association division I football players","volume":"33","author":"Wellman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002169","article-title":"Perceived wellness associated with practice and competition in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I football players","volume":"33","author":"Wellman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3127","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002241","article-title":"Heart rate variability and training load among national collegiate athletic association division 1 college football players throughout spring camp","volume":"32","author":"Flatt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flatt, A.A., Wilkerson, G.B., Allen, J.R., Keith, C.M., and Esco, M.R. (2019). Daily heart rate variability before and after concussion in an American college football player. Sports, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports7050097"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.05.019","article-title":"Injury risk-workload associations in NCAA American college football","volume":"21","author":"Sampson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002611","article-title":"Maximum movement workloads and high-intensity workload demands by position in NCAA Division I Collegiate Football","volume":"34","author":"Sanders","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002294","article-title":"Positional differences in running and nonrunning activities during elite american football training","volume":"32","author":"Ward","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003137","article-title":"Global Positioning System monitoring of selected physical demands of NCAA division I football players during games","volume":"33","author":"Bayliff","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002475","article-title":"Cardiac-autonomic responses to in-season training among division-1 college football players","volume":"34","author":"Flatt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.10.013","article-title":"Variability of within-step acceleration and daily wellness monitoring in Collegiate American Football","volume":"22","author":"Murray","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3367","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003000","article-title":"Subjective wellness, acute: Chronic workloads, and injury risk in college football","volume":"33","author":"Sampson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738119868477","article-title":"Does overexertion correlate with increased injury? The relationship between player workload and soft tissue injury in professional American football players using wearable technology","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sport. Health"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.7575\/\/aiac.ijkss.v.8n.2p.47","article-title":"Using K-means clustering to create training groups for elite American football student-athletes based on game demands","volume":"8","author":"Shelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Kinesiol. Sport. Sci."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Early, K.S., Lemoine, N.P., Simoneaux, A., Mullenix, S., Marucci, J., MacLellan, M.J., and Johannsen, N.M. (2021). Positional Differences in Pre-Season Scrimmage Performance of Division I Collegiate Football Players. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21030769"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2020-0801","article-title":"Season-long heart-rate variability tracking reveals autonomic imbalance in American college football players","volume":"16","author":"Flatt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport. Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1080\/24733938.2020.1863455","article-title":"Relationship between training load and recovery in collegiate American football players during pre-season training","volume":"5","author":"Jagim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Med. Footb."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004174","article-title":"Position-Specific Physical Workload Intensities in American Collegiate Football Training","volume":"36","author":"Mamon","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sobolewski, E.J. (2020). The relationships between internal and external load measures for Division I college football practice. Sports, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports8120165"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prasanth, H., Caban, M., Keller, U., Courtine, G., Ijspeert, A., Vallery, H., and Von Zitzewitz, J. (2021). Wearable sensor-based real-time gait detection: A systematic review. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21082727"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01760-6","article-title":"Wearables for Running Gait Analysis: A Systematic Review","volume":"53","author":"Mason","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marinucci, D., Sbrollini, A., Marcantoni, I., Morettini, M., Swenne, C.A., and Burattini, L. (2020). Artificial neural network for atrial fibrillation identification in portable devices. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20123570"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2021.03.008","article-title":"Comparison between a 6-lead smartphone ECG and 12-lead ECG in athletes","volume":"66","author":"Orchard","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electrocardiol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milosevic, B., Benatti, S., and Farella, E. (2017, January 27\u201331). Design challenges for wearable EMG applications. Proceedings of the Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE), Lausanne, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.23919\/DATE.2017.7927217"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phinyomark, A., Khushaba, R.N., and Scheme, E. (2018). Feature extraction and selection for myoelectric control based on wearable EMG sensors. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051615"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicol\u00f2, A., Massaroni, C., Schena, E., and Sacchetti, M. (2020). The importance of respiratory rate monitoring: From healthcare to sport and exercise. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216396"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.01.021","article-title":"The accuracy and predictability of micro Doppler radar signature projection algorithm measuring functional movement in NCAA athletes","volume":"85","author":"Onks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senigagliesi, L., Ciattaglia, G., De Santis, A., and Gambi, E. (2020). People walking classification using automotive radar. Electronics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9040588"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senigagliesi, L., Ciattaglia, G., and Gambi, E. (2020, January 7\u201310). Contactless walking recognition based on mmWave radar. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC), Rennes, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCC50000.2020.9219565"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/7\/3538\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:05:03Z","timestamp":1760123103000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/7\/3538"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"references-count":178,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s23073538"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23073538","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]}}}