{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T22:41:57Z","timestamp":1768516917725,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2022YFB2902600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB2902600"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["62171234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62171234"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["U21A20450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21A20450"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["BK20192002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20192002"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFB2902600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB2902600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62171234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62171234"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U21A20450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21A20450"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20192002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20192002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Basic Research Project","award":["2022YFB2902600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB2902600"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Basic Research Project","award":["62171234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62171234"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Basic Research Project","award":["U21A20450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21A20450"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Basic Research Project","award":["BK20192002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20192002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, an asynchronous collision-tolerant ACRDA scheme based on satellite-selection collaboration-beamforming (SC-ACRDA) is proposed to solve the avalanche effect caused by packet collision under random access (RA) high load in the low earth orbit (LEO) satellite Internet of Things (IoT) networks. A non-convex optimization problem is formulated to realize the satellite selection problem in multi-satellite collaboration-beamforming. To solve this problem, we employ the Charnes-Cooper transformation to transform a convex optimization problem. In addition, an iterative binary search algorithm is also designed to obtain the optimization parameter. Furthermore, we present a signal processing flow combined with ACRDA protocol and serial interference cancellation (SIC) to solve the packet collision problem effectively in the gateway station. Simulation results show that the proposed SC-ACRDA scheme can effectively solve the avalanche effect and improve the performance of the RA protocol in LEO satellite IoT networks compared with benchmark problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23073549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T01:33:00Z","timestamp":1680053580000},"page":"3549","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["An Asynchronous Collision-Tolerant ACRDA Scheme Based on Satellite-Selection Collaboration-Beamforming for LEO Satellite IoT Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9270-3074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaojin","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gengxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2018.1800024","article-title":"On the Satellite Role in the Era of 5G Massive Machine Type Communications","volume":"32","author":"Stefano","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11123","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3051603","article-title":"Supporting IoT with rate-splitting multiple access in satellite and aerial-integrated networks","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janjua, K., Shah, M.A., Almogren, A., Khattak, H.A., Maple, C., and Din, I.U. (2020). Proactive Forensics in IoT: Privacy-Aware Log-Preservation Architecture in Fog-Enabled-Cloud Using Holochain and Containerization Technologies. Electronic, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9071172"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68379","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2985851","article-title":"RTS: A Robust and Trusted Scheme for IoT-Based Mobile Wireless Mesh Networks","volume":"8","author":"Haseeb","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2018.1800182","article-title":"Heterogeneous Space and Terrestrial Integrated Networks for IoT: Architecture and Challenges","volume":"33","author":"Chien","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"113","article-title":"Satellite Communications Supporting Internet of Remote Things","volume":"3","author":"Mauro","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Nils, P., Inigo, D.P., Edward, F.C., and Bruce, G.C. (2021, January 14\u201323). An Updated Comparison of Four Low Earth Orbit Satellite Constellation Systems to Provide Global Broadband. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops 2021), Montreal, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3673","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2021.3068046","article-title":"Starlink Space Network-Enhanced Cyber\u2013Physical Power System","volume":"12","author":"Tong","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1109\/5.317082","article-title":"Multiple Access in Wireless Digital Networks","volume":"82","author":"Abramson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1145\/1024916.1024920","article-title":"ALOHA packet system with and without slots and capture","volume":"5","author":"Roberts","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acm Sigcomm Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOM.1983.1095828","article-title":"Diversity ALOHA\u2013A Random Access Scheme for Satellite Communications","volume":"31","author":"Choudhury","year":"1983","journal-title":"Commun. IEEE Trans."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2007.348337","article-title":"Contention Resolution Diversity Slotted ALOHA (CRDSA): An Enhanced Random Access Scheme for Satellite Access Packet Networks","volume":"6","author":"Casini","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghanbarinejad, M., and Schlegel, C. (2013, January 18\u201320). Irregular repetition slotted ALOHA with multiuser detection. Proceedings of the Wireless On-demand Network Systems and Services (WONS), Banff, AB, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/WONS.2013.6578348"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bui, H., Lacan, J., and Boucheret, M.L. (2012, January 18\u201320). An enhanced multiple random access scheme for satellite communications. Proceedings of the Wireless Telecommunications Symposium 2012 (WTS-2012), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/WTS.2012.6266094"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Rapajic, P.B., and Vucetic, B.S. (1996, January 25\u201325). A slotted ALOHA spread spectrum system with adaptive receivers. Proceedings of the ISSSTA\u201995 International Symposium on Spread Spectrum Techniques and Applications, Mainz, Germany."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reichman, A. (2014, January 3\u20135). Enhanced Spread Spectrum Aloha (E-SSA), an emerging satellite return link messaging scheme. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 28th Convention of Electrical & Electronics Engineers in Israel (IEEEI), Eilat, Israel.","DOI":"10.1109\/EEEI.2014.7005842"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6193","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2014.2334620","article-title":"Asynchronous Contention Resolution Diversity ALOHA: Making CRDSA Truly Asynchronous","volume":"13","author":"Gaudenzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2020.2983309","article-title":"Secure beamforming for cognitive satellite terrestrial networks with unknown eavesdroppers","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Z., An, K., Niu, H., Hu, Y., Chatzinotas, S., Zheng, G., and Wang, J. (2022). SLNR-based secure energy efficient beamforming in multibeam satellite systems. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., early access.","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2022.3190238"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2018.2870416","article-title":"Multisatellite Cooperative Random Access Scheme in Low Earth Orbit Satellite Networks","volume":"13","author":"Bo","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2017.2672985","article-title":"Asynchronous Cooperative Aloha for Multi-Receiver Satellite Communication Networks","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2021.3051202","article-title":"Machine Learning Enabled Preamble Collision Resolution in Distributed Massive MIMO","volume":"69","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755520","DOI":"10.3389\/frspt.2021.755520","article-title":"Multi-Satellite Cooperative Beamforming ALOHA for LEO Satellite IoT Networks","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2019.2905351","article-title":"Joint Active User Detection and Channel Estimation in Massive Access Systems Exploiting Reed\u2013Muller Sequences","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourbaki, N., Eggleston, H., and Madan, S. (1987). Topological Vector Spaces, Springer-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-61715-7"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/nav.3800090303","article-title":"Programming with linear fractional functionals","volume":"9","author":"Charnes","year":"1962","journal-title":"Nav. Res. Logist"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6345","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2021.3088898","article-title":"Secrecy-energy efficient hybrid beamforming for satellite-terrestrial integrated networks","volume":"69","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2015.2487439","article-title":"Sparse Multiple Relay Selection for Network Beamforming With Individual Power Constraints Using Semidefinite Relaxation","volume":"15","author":"Blanco","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2013.121813.130435","article-title":"Generalized Analytical Framework for the Performance Assessment of Slotted Random Access Protocols","volume":"13","author":"Oscar","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/7\/3549\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:05:11Z","timestamp":1760123111000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/7\/3549"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s23073549"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23073549","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]}}}