{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T23:51:00Z","timestamp":1769125860264,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Space Agency (ASI)","award":["2016-2-U.0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-2-U.0"]}]},{"name":"Italian Space Agency (ASI)","award":["2020-26-Hh.0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-26-Hh.0"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>LIDAL (Light Ion Detector for ALTEA, Anomalous Long-Term Effects on Astronauts) is a radiation detector designed to measure the flux, the energy spectra and, for the first time, the time-of-flight of ions in a space habitat. It features a combination of striped silicon sensors for the measurement of deposited energy (using the ALTEA device, which operated from 2006 to 2012 in the International Space Station) and fast scintillators for the time-of-flight measurement. LIDAL was tested and calibrated using the proton beam line at TIFPA (Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics Application) and the carbon beam line at CNAO (National Center for Oncology Hadron-therapy) in 2019. The performance of the time-of-flight system featured a time resolution (sigma) less than 100 ps. Here, we describe the detector and the results of these tests, providing ground calibration curves along with the methodology established for processing the detector\u2019s data. LIDAL was uploaded in the International Space Station in November 2019 and it has been operative in the Columbus module since January 2020.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23073559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T01:33:00Z","timestamp":1680053580000},"page":"3559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["LIDAL, a Time-of-Flight Radiation Detector for the International Space Station: Description and Ground Calibration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1624-1709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Romoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Di Fino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Space Agency (ASI), 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Santi Amantini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Boretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Lunati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Berucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Messi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5597-8514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radioprotection (IRP), Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123 Roma, Italy"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Albicocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Nuclear Physics\u2014Frascati National Laboratory, 00044 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9725-1281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinzia","family":"De Donato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8911-1561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Masciantonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Morone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Nobili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2866-6392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Baiocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5370-0308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Mentana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1851-431X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Pullia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Center for Oncological Hadron-Therapy (CNAO), 27100 Pavia, Italy"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Tommasino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Carrubba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kayser Italy, 57128 Livorno, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4319-9107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Bardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kayser Italy, 57128 Livorno, Italy"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Passerai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kayser Italy, 57128 Livorno, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9314-1528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Castagnolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telespazio, 80125 Napoli, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0701-7310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Mascetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Space Agency (ASI), 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Marino","family":"Crisconio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Space Agency (ASI), 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Livio","family":"Narici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Italian Space Agency (ASI), 00133 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