{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T10:32:24Z","timestamp":1763202744951,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG)","award":["PE2020-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE2020-9"]}]},{"name":"Regional Joint CA number R+D+i projects (G8+1, Medell\u00edn, Colombia)","award":["PE2020-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE2020-9"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The swallowing process involves complex muscle coordination mechanisms. When alterations in such mechanisms are produced by neurological conditions or diseases, a swallowing disorder known as dysphagia occurs. The instrumental evaluation of dysphagia is currently performed by invasive and experience-dependent techniques. Otherwise, non-invasive magnetic methods have proven to be suitable for various biomedical applications and might also be applicable for an objective swallowing assessment. In this pilot study, we performed a novel approach for deglutition evaluation based on active magnetic motion sensing with permanent magnet cantilever actuators. During the intake of liquids with different consistency, we recorded magnetic signals of relative movements between a stationary sensor and a body-worn actuator on the cricoid cartilage. Our results indicate the detection capability of swallowing-related movements in terms of a characteristic pattern. Consequently, the proposed technique offers the potential for dysphagia screening and biofeedback-based therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23073594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T03:17:35Z","timestamp":1680146255000},"page":"3594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Pilot Study: Magnetic Motion Analysis for Swallowing Detection Using MEMS Cantilever Actuators"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8170-8147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3894-1688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Roldan-Vasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GITA Lab, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Metropolitano, Medell\u00edn 050536, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7518-6047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolin","family":"Kr\u00fcger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8994-438X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Niekiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Silicon Technology ISIT, 25524 Itzehoe, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4813-3868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clint","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5945-4694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Maetzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8507-0782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Rafael","family":"Orozco-Arroyave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GITA Lab, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"},{"name":"Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6128-4831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerhard","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S97481","article-title":"Oropharyngeal dysphagia in older persons\u2013From pathophysiology to adequate intervention: A review and summary of an international expert meeting","volume":"11","author":"Wirth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Daroff, R.B., Jankovic, J., Mazziotta, J.C., and Pomeroy, S.L. (2016). Bradley\u2019s Neurology in Clinical Practice, Elsevier Health Sciences. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e876","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011350","article-title":"Neurogenic dysphagia: Systematic review and proposal of a classification system","volume":"96","author":"Warnecke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-016-9690-1","article-title":"Validation of the Spanish Version of the Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10 spa) in Colombia. A Blinded Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"31","author":"Barros","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-018-9945-0","article-title":"Radiation exposure to staff and patient during videofluoroscopic swallowing studies and recommended protection strategies","volume":"34","author":"Earl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"206","article-title":"Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES): Proposal for informed consent","volume":"28","author":"Nacci","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol. Ital."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1097\/00020840-200312000-00014","article-title":"Evaluation of oropharyngeal dysphagia: Which diagnostic tool is superior?","volume":"11","author":"Langmore","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/31\/6\/008","article-title":"Hyolaryngeal excursion as the physiological source of swallowing accelerometry signals","volume":"31","author":"Zoratto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/29\/9\/008","article-title":"Time and time\u2013frequency characterization of dual-axis swallowing accelerometry signals","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-015-0110-9","article-title":"A statistical analysis of cervical auscultation signals from adults with unsafe airway protection","volume":"13","author":"Dudik","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-10-100","article-title":"Automatic discrimination between safe and unsafe swallowing using a reputation-based classifier","volume":"10","author":"Nikjoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2020.09.040","article-title":"Estimation of laryngeal closure duration during swallowing without invasive X-rays","volume":"115","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3416","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_JSLHR-21-00134","article-title":"Characterizing Swallows From People With Neurodegenerative Diseases Using High-Resolution Cervical Auscultation Signals and Temporal and Spatial Swallow Kinematic Measurements","volume":"64","author":"Donohue","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2017.03.009","article-title":"A comparison between swallowing sounds and vibrations in patients with dysphagia","volume":"144","author":"Movahedi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00262761","article-title":"Stethoscope acoustics and cervical auscultation of swallowing","volume":"9","author":"Hamlet","year":"1994","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-010-9282-4","article-title":"Voice-quality abnormalities as a sign of dysphagia: Validation against acoustic and videofluoroscopic data","volume":"26","author":"Waito","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejenta.2014.07.007","article-title":"The value of bedside tests in dysphagia evaluation","volume":"15","author":"Hassan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Ear Nose Throat Allied Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"61","article-title":"Vocal variability post swallowing in individuals with and without oropharyngeal dysphagia","volume":"19","author":"Santos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Farneti, D. (2017). Dysphagia, Springer."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.11.015","article-title":"Effect of Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT LOUD) on swallowing and cough in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A pilot study","volume":"383","author":"Miles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2021.106248","article-title":"Machine learning based analysis of speech dimensions in functional oropharyngeal dysphagia","volume":"208","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-160X-3-26","article-title":"Standardization of surface electromyography utilized to evaluate patients with dysphagia","volume":"3","author":"Vaiman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Head Face Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-160X-5-9","article-title":"Surface electromyography as a screening method for evaluation of dysphagia and odynophagia","volume":"5","author":"Vaiman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Head Face Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.06.035","article-title":"Diagnostic value of \u201cdysphagia limit\u201d for neurogenic dysphagia: 17 years of experience in 1278 adults","volume":"126","author":"Aydogdu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405471","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/405471","article-title":"Automated detection and evaluation of swallowing using a combined EMG\/bioimpedance measurement system","volume":"2014","author":"Schultheiss","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-017-0424-x","article-title":"Evaluation of normal swallowing functions by using dynamic high-density surface electromyography maps","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-016-9742-6","article-title":"Electromyography and mechanomyography signals during swallowing in healthy adults and head and neck cancer survivors","volume":"32","author":"Constantinescu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1515\/cdbme-2019-0013","article-title":"Self-adapting Classification System for Swallow Intention Detection in Dysphagia Therapy","volume":"5","author":"Riebold","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2018.10.004","article-title":"Automatic detection of oral and pharyngeal phases in swallowing using classification algorithms and multichannel EMG","volume":"43","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.14326\/abe.9.10","article-title":"Swallowing pattern classification method using multichannel surface EMG signals of suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles","volume":"9","author":"Suzuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2018.2807487","article-title":"Using machine learning and a combination of respiratory flow, laryngeal motion, and swallowing sounds to classify safe and unsafe swallowing","volume":"65","author":"Inoue","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2009.07.001","article-title":"Swallow segmentation with artificial neural networks and multi-sensor fusion","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.61.5.491","article-title":"Piecemeal deglutition and dysphagia limit in normal subjects and in patients with swallowing disorders","volume":"61","author":"Ertekin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2015.01.005","article-title":"Monitoring eating habits using a piezoelectric sensor-based necklace","volume":"58","author":"Kalantarian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2006.875664","article-title":"Quaternion-based extended Kalman filter for determining orientation by inertial and magnetic sensing","volume":"53","author":"Sabatini","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2011.2179830","article-title":"Estimation of Human Foot Motion During Normal Walking Using Inertial and Magnetic Sensor Measurements","volume":"61","author":"Yun","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Cheng, C., Huo, X., and Ghovanloo, M. (2009, January 3\u20136). Towards a magnetic localization system for 3-D tracking of tongue movements in speech-language therapy. Proceedings of the 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Minneapolis, MN, USA."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2012.2188537","article-title":"A Novel Positioning and Orientation System Based on Three-Axis Magnetic Coils","volume":"48","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bald, C., and Schmidt, G. (2021). Processing Chain for Localization of Magnetoelectric Sensors in Real Time. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165675"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1515\/cdbme-2022-1115","article-title":"A Concept for 6D Motion Sensing with Magnetoelectric Sensors","volume":"8","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffmann, J., Elzenheimer, E., Bald, C., Hansen, C., Maetzler, W., and Schmidt, G. (2021). Active Magnetoelectric Motion Sensing: Examining Performance Metrics with an Experimental Setup. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21238000"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(03)00131-6","article-title":"New and future applications of fluxgate sensors","volume":"106","author":"Kaluza","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28665","DOI":"10.3390\/s151128665","article-title":"Recent Developments of Magnetoresistive Sensors for Industrial Applications","volume":"15","author":"Jogschies","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.10.031","article-title":"Magnetic impedance biosensor: A review","volume":"90","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elzenheimer, E., Bald, C., Engelhardt, E., Hoffmann, J., Hayes, P., Arbustini, J., Bahr, A., Quandt, E., H\u00f6ft, M., and Schmidt, G. (2022). Quantitative Evaluation for Magnetoelectric Sensor Systems in Biomagnetic Diagnostics. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22031018"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2019.111560","article-title":"Highly sensitive MEMS magnetic field sensors with integrated powder-based permanent magnets","volume":"297","author":"Niekiel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2020.2968604","article-title":"A Portable Very Low Frequency (VLF) Communication System Based on Acoustically Actuated Magnetoelectric Antennas","volume":"19","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1515\/cdbme-2022-1079","article-title":"MEMS Magnetic Field Source for Frequency Conversion Approaches for ME Sensors","volume":"8","author":"Arbustini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-007-9134-z","article-title":"Origin of the sound components during pharyngeal swallowing in normal subjects","volume":"23","author":"Boiron","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2015.2408615","article-title":"Dysphagia screening: Contributions of cervical auscultation signals and modern signal-processing techniques","volume":"45","author":"Dudik","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans.-Hum.-Mach. Syst."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2013.09.006","article-title":"The normal swallow: Muscular and neurophysiological control","volume":"46","author":"Shaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-014-9552-7","article-title":"Wet voice as a sign of penetration\/aspiration in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Does testing material matter?","volume":"29","author":"Sampaio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2012.02.018","article-title":"Biomechanical events of swallowing are determined more by bolus consistency than by age or gender","volume":"106","author":"Esser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"529","article-title":"Physiology of swallowing","volume":"36","author":"Walton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Schmidt, G., Bald, C., and Kreisel, J. (2022, December 27). Removal of Signal Trends. Available online: https:\/\/dss-kiel.de\/index.php\/teaching\/red-main\/red-trend-removal."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2012.01.102","article-title":"Feature reduction and selection for EMG signal classification","volume":"39","author":"Phinyomark","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-14-3","article-title":"A comparative analysis of swallowing accelerometry and sounds during saliva swallows","volume":"14","author":"Dudik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roldan-Vasco, S., Perez-Giraldo, E., and Orozco-Duque, A. (2018, January 17\u201319). Continuous wavelet transform for muscle activity detection in surface EMG signals during swallowing. Proceedings of the Workshop on Engineering Applications, Medell\u00edn, Colombia.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00353-1_22"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2020.105480","article-title":"Scalogram-energy based segmentation of surface electromyography signals from swallowing related muscles","volume":"194","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-015-9635-0","article-title":"The effect of bolus consistency and sex on electrophysiological measures of hyolaryngeal muscle activity during swallowing","volume":"30","author":"Watts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-021-10267-7","article-title":"Impact of Thickened Liquids on Laryngeal Movement Velocity in Patients with Dysphagia","volume":"37","author":"Nakao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-010-9323-z","article-title":"Normal swallowing acoustics across age, gender, bolus viscosity, and bolus volume","volume":"26","author":"Youmans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4750491","article-title":"Fast Fourier transform analysis of sounds made while swallowing various foods","volume":"132","author":"Taniwaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2015.2431999","article-title":"Characteristics of dry chin-tuck swallowing vibrations and sounds","volume":"62","author":"Dudik","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"8","article-title":"Improving surface EMG burst detection in infrahyoid muscles during swallowing using digital filters and discrete wavelet analysis","volume":"35","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12988","article-title":"Endurance measurement of hyoid muscle activity and hyoid-laryngeal position during tongue lift movement","volume":"47","author":"Sunada","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12894","article-title":"Properties of hyoid muscle contraction during tongue lift measurement","volume":"47","author":"Koshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monaco, A., Cattaneo, R., Spadaro, A., and Giannoni, M. (2008). Surface electromyography pattern of human swallowing. BMC Oral Health, 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-8-6"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65492-1","article-title":"Non-invasive identification of swallows via deep learning in high resolution cervical auscultation recordings","volume":"10","author":"Khalifa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/7\/3594\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:06:51Z","timestamp":1760123211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/7\/3594"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s23073594"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23073594","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]}}}