{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T14:37:15Z","timestamp":1774967835483,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology in Inner Mongolia Minzu University","award":["NJYT-17-B34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJYT-17-B34"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology in Inner Mongolia Minzu University","award":["GXKY22125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXKY22125"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology in Inner Mongolia Minzu University","award":["BS416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BS416"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology in Inner Mongolia Minzu University","award":["20180550835"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20180550835"]}]},{"name":"Program for Young Talents of Science and Technology in Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["NJYT-17-B34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJYT-17-B34"]}]},{"name":"Program for Young Talents of Science and Technology in Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["GXKY22125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXKY22125"]}]},{"name":"Program for Young Talents of Science and Technology in Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["BS416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BS416"]}]},{"name":"Program for Young Talents of Science and Technology in Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["20180550835"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20180550835"]}]},{"name":"Basic scientific research business expenses of colleges and universities directly under Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region\u2014Plan to Improve the Scientific Research and Innovation Ability of Young Teachers","award":["NJYT-17-B34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJYT-17-B34"]}]},{"name":"Basic scientific research business expenses of colleges and universities directly under Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region\u2014Plan to Improve the Scientific Research and Innovation Ability of Young Teachers","award":["GXKY22125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXKY22125"]}]},{"name":"Basic scientific research business expenses of colleges and universities directly under Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region\u2014Plan to Improve the Scientific Research and Innovation Ability of Young Teachers","award":["BS416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BS416"]}]},{"name":"Basic scientific research business expenses of colleges and universities directly under Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region\u2014Plan to Improve the Scientific Research and Innovation Ability of Young Teachers","award":["20180550835"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20180550835"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Minzu University doctoral research initiation Fund Project","award":["NJYT-17-B34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJYT-17-B34"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Minzu University doctoral research initiation Fund Project","award":["GXKY22125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXKY22125"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Minzu University doctoral research initiation Fund Project","award":["BS416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BS416"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Minzu University doctoral research initiation Fund Project","award":["20180550835"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20180550835"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Fund Guidance Plan of Liaoning Province","award":["NJYT-17-B34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJYT-17-B34"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Fund Guidance Plan of Liaoning Province","award":["GXKY22125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXKY22125"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Fund Guidance Plan of Liaoning Province","award":["BS416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BS416"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Fund Guidance Plan of Liaoning Province","award":["20180550835"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20180550835"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a novel modified auto disturbance rejection control (ADRC) design of a permanent magnet synchronous motor based on the improved memetic algorithm (IMA) is proposed. Firstly, there is an obvious system ripple caused by the defect that the optimal control function used in traditional ADRC cannot be differentiable and smooth at the segment point; aiming at weakening the system ripple effectively, the proposed method constructs a novel differentiable and smooth optimal control function to modify the ADRC design. Furthermore, aiming at improving the integration parameters optimization effect effectively, a novel improved memetic algorithm is proposed for obtaining the optimal parameters of ADRC. Specifically, an IMA with high-quality balance based on an adaptive nonlinear decreasing strategy for the convergence factor, Gaussian mutation mechanism, improved learning mechanism with the high-quality balance between competitive and opposition-based learning (OBL) and an elite set maintenance mechanism based on fusion distance is proposed so that these strategies can improve the optimization precision by a large margin. Finally, the experiment results of the PMSM speed control practical cases show that the ADRC based on IMA has an apparent better optimization effect than that of fuzzy PI, traditional ADRC based on the genetic algorithm and an improved ADRC based on improved moth\u2013flame optimization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23073621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T02:08:01Z","timestamp":1680228481000},"page":"3621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Modified ADRC Design of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on Improved Memetic Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4030-8125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Jiangxi New Energy Technology Institute, Xinyu 338004, China"},{"name":"Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9900-8146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuanfang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7226-5900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Longda","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"11046","article-title":"Predictive Cascaded Speed and Current Control for PMSM Drives With Multi-Timescale Optimization","volume":"34","author":"Tu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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