{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T16:58:41Z","timestamp":1773161921171,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Fund Committee of China","award":["11632014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11632014"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Fund Committee of China","award":["51808444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51808444"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Fund Committee of China","award":["18JK0502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18JK0502"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Fund Committee of China","award":["SV2018-KF-35"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SV2018-KF-35"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Fund Committee of China","award":["2018YQ2-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YQ2-05"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Program of Shanxi Provincial Education Department","award":["11632014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11632014"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Program of Shanxi Provincial Education Department","award":["51808444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51808444"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Program of Shanxi Provincial Education Department","award":["18JK0502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18JK0502"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Program of Shanxi Provincial Education Department","award":["SV2018-KF-35"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SV2018-KF-35"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Program of Shanxi Provincial Education Department","award":["2018YQ2-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YQ2-05"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures Open Foundation","award":["11632014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11632014"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures Open Foundation","award":["51808444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51808444"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures Open Foundation","award":["18JK0502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18JK0502"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures Open Foundation","award":["SV2018-KF-35"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SV2018-KF-35"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures Open Foundation","award":["2018YQ2-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YQ2-05"]}]},{"name":"Startup Foundation of XUST","award":["11632014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11632014"]}]},{"name":"Startup Foundation of XUST","award":["51808444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51808444"]}]},{"name":"Startup Foundation of XUST","award":["18JK0502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18JK0502"]}]},{"name":"Startup Foundation of XUST","award":["SV2018-KF-35"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SV2018-KF-35"]}]},{"name":"Startup Foundation of XUST","award":["2018YQ2-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YQ2-05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work proposed a novel approach based on principal component analyses (PCAs) to monitor the very early-age hydration of self-compacting concrete (SCC) with varying replacement ratios of fly ash (FA) to cement at 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60%, respectively. Based on the conductance signatures obtained from electromechanical impedance (EMI) tests, the effect of the FA content on the very early-age hydration of SCCs was indicated by the predominant resonance shifts, the statistical metrics, and the contribution ratios of principal components, quantitatively. Among the three, the PCA-based approach not only provided robust indices to predict the setting times with physical implications but also captured the liquid-solid transition elongation (1.5 h) during the hydration of SCC specimens with increasing FA replacement ratios from 0% to 45%. The results demonstrated that the PCA-based approach was more accurate and robust for quantitative hydration monitoring than the conventional penetration resistance test and the other two counterpart indices based on EMI tests.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23073627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T02:08:01Z","timestamp":1680228481000},"page":"3627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A PCA-Based Approach for Very Early-Age Hydration Monitoring of Self-Compacting Concrete Using Embedded PZT Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Qunfeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoting","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CCCC First Highway Consultants Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an 710068, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Okamura, H., and Ouchi, M. 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