{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T04:27:43Z","timestamp":1769920063169,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]],"date-time":"2023-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["CMMI-1235365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMMI-1235365"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["CMMI-1538447"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMMI-1538447"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["STTR-1549719"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STTR-1549719"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["ENG\/CBET 1901845"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ENG\/CBET 1901845"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polymeric foams, embedded with nano-scale conductive particles, have previously been shown to display quasi-piezoelectric (QPE) properties; i.e., they produce a voltage in response to rapid deformation. This behavior has been utilized to sense impact and vibration in foam components, such as in sports padding and vibration-isolating pads. However, a detailed characterization of the sensing behavior has not been undertaken. Furthermore, the potential for sensing quasi-static deformation in the same material has not been explored. This paper provides new insights into these self-sensing foams by characterizing voltage response vs frequency of deformation. The correlation between temperature and voltage response is also quantified. Furthermore, a new sensing functionality is observed, in the form of a piezoresistive response to quasi-static deformation. The piezoresistive characteristics are quantified for both in-plane and through-thickness resistance configurations. The new functionality greatly enhances the potential applications for the foam, for example, as insoles that can characterize ground reaction force and pressure during dynamic and\/or quasi-static circumstances, or as seat cushioning that can sense pressure and impact.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23073719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]],"date-time":"2023-04-04T02:03:00Z","timestamp":1680573780000},"page":"3719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Dual-Sensing Piezoresponsive Foam for Dynamic and Static Loading"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ryan A.","family":"Hanson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}]},{"given":"Cory N.","family":"Newton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1155-176X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron Jake","family":"Merrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3124-7551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton E.","family":"Bowden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}]},{"given":"Matthew K.","family":"Seeley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2298-8756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrike H.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3558-1461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian A.","family":"Mazzeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}]},{"given":"David T.","family":"Fullwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115013","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/25\/11\/115013","article-title":"Vibration monitoring via nano-composite piezoelectric foam bushings","volume":"25","author":"Bird","year":"2016","journal-title":"Smart Mater. 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