{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T01:23:19Z","timestamp":1783473799016,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Optoelectronic Measurement and Intelligent Perception Zhongguancun Open Lab","award":["LabSOMP-2022-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LabSOMP-2022-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sensor nodes are critical components of the Internet of Things (IoT). Traditional IoT sensor nodes are typically powered by disposable batteries, making it difficult to meet the requirements for long lifetime, miniaturization, and zero maintenance. Hybrid energy systems that integrate energy harvesting, storage, and management are expected to provide a new power source for IoT sensor nodes. This research describes an integrated cube-shaped photovoltaic (PV) and thermal hybrid energy-harvesting system that can be utilized to power IoT sensor nodes with active RFID tags. The indoor light energy was harvested using 5-sided PV cells, which could generate 3 times more energy than most current studies using single-sided PV cells. In addition, two vertically stacked thermoelectrical generators (TEG) with a heat sink were utilized to harvest thermal energy. Compared to one TEG, the harvested power was improved by more than 219.48%. In addition, an energy management module with a semi-active configuration was designed to manage the energy stored by the Li-ion battery and supercapacitor (SC). Finally, the system was integrated into a 44 mm \u00d7 44 mm \u00d7 40 mm cube. The experimental results showed that the system was able to generate a power output of 192.48 \u00b5W using indoor ambient light and the heat from a computer adapter. Furthermore, the system was capable of providing stable and continuous power for an IoT sensor node used for monitoring indoor temperature over a prolonged period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23083796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T03:24:18Z","timestamp":1681097058000},"page":"3796","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Investigation of Self-Powered IoT Sensor Nodes for Harvesting Hybrid Indoor Ambient Light and Heat Energy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1422-9772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heng","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanjian","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yajiang","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shijie","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangzheng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guozhe","family":"Xuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanpeng","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing 100053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing 100053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yizheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing 100053, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2019.2959505","article-title":"Millimeter-Scale Node-to-Node Radio Using a Carrier Frequency-Interlocking IF Receiver for a Fully Integrated 4 \u00d7 4 \u00d7 4 mm3 Wireless Sensor Node","volume":"55","author":"Chuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. 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