{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T13:03:50Z","timestamp":1763643830358,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008562","name":"Primary Research &amp; Development Plan of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BE2021308","BE2019306","BE2021304","NJ2021-58","S202219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2021308","BE2019306","BE2021304","NJ2021-58","S202219"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008562","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Modern Agricultural Machinery Equipment &amp; Technology Demonstration and Promotion of Jiangsu Province","award":["BE2021308","BE2019306","BE2021304","NJ2021-58","S202219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2021308","BE2019306","BE2021304","NJ2021-58","S202219"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for Central Non-profit Scientific Institution","award":["BE2021308","BE2019306","BE2021304","NJ2021-58","S202219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2021308","BE2019306","BE2021304","NJ2021-58","S202219"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil profile moisture is a crucial parameter of agricultural irrigation. To meet the demand of soil profile moisture, simple fast-sensing, and low-cost in situ detection, a portable pull-out soil profile moisture sensor was designed based on the principle of high-frequency capacitance. The sensor consists of a moisture-sensing probe and a data processing unit. The probe converts soil moisture into a frequency signal using an electromagnetic field. The data processing unit was designed for signal detection and transmitting moisture content data to a smartphone app. The data processing unit and the probe are connected by a tie rod with adjustable length, which can be moved up and down to measure the moisture content of different soil layers. According to indoor tests, the maximum detection height for the sensor was 130 mm, the maximum detection radius was 96 mm, and the degree of fitting (R2) of the constructed moisture measurement model was 0.972. In the verification tests, the root mean square error (RMSE) of the measured value of the sensor was 0.02 m3\/m3, the mean bias error (MBE) was \u00b10.009 m3\/m3, and the maximum error was \u00b10.039 m3\/m3. According to the results, the sensor, which features a wide detection range and good accuracy, is well suited for the portable measurement of soil profile moisture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23083806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T03:24:18Z","timestamp":1681097058000},"page":"3806","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Portable Pull-Out Soil Profile Moisture Sensor Based on High-Frequency Capacitance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Zhentao","family":"Sheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"National Information Agricultural Engineering Technology Center, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Smart Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for the Technology and Application of Internet of Things, Nanjing 210095, China"}]},{"given":"Yaoyao","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"National Information Agricultural Engineering Technology Center, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Smart Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for the Technology and Application of Internet of Things, Nanjing 210095, China"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"National Information Agricultural Engineering Technology Center, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Smart Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for the Technology and Application of Internet of Things, Nanjing 210095, China"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"National Information Agricultural Engineering Technology Center, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Smart Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for the Technology and Application of Internet of Things, Nanjing 210095, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1884-2404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"National Information Agricultural Engineering Technology Center, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Smart Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for the Technology and Application of Internet of Things, Nanjing 210095, China"}]},{"given":"Weixing","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"National Information Agricultural Engineering Technology Center, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Smart Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for the Technology and Application of Internet of Things, Nanjing 210095, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"National Information Agricultural Engineering Technology Center, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Smart Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for the Technology and Application of Internet of Things, Nanjing 210095, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2011.04.010","article-title":"A partial root zone drying irrigation strategy for citrus-effects on water use efficiency and fruit characteristics","volume":"98","author":"Hutton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agric. 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