{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T20:52:33Z","timestamp":1773953553749,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U22A20184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20184"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51875245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51875245"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20200403006SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200403006SF"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20210203004SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210203004SF"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20210203099SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210203099SF"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021C044-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C044-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science\u2013Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin Province","award":["U22A20184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20184"]}]},{"name":"Science\u2013Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin Province","award":["51875245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51875245"]}]},{"name":"Science\u2013Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin Province","award":["20200403006SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200403006SF"]}]},{"name":"Science\u2013Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin Province","award":["20210203004SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210203004SF"]}]},{"name":"Science\u2013Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin Province","award":["20210203099SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210203099SF"]}]},{"name":"Science\u2013Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin Province","award":["2021C044-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C044-1"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Industrial Technology Research and Development of Jilin Province","award":["U22A20184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20184"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Industrial Technology Research and Development of Jilin Province","award":["51875245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51875245"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Industrial Technology Research and Development of Jilin Province","award":["20200403006SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200403006SF"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Industrial Technology Research and Development of Jilin Province","award":["20210203004SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210203004SF"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Industrial Technology Research and Development of Jilin Province","award":["20210203099SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210203099SF"]}]},{"name":"Special Project of Industrial Technology Research and Development of Jilin Province","award":["2021C044-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C044-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate and rapid prediction of pesticides in groundwater is important to protect human health. Thus, an electronic nose was used to recognize pesticides in groundwater. However, the e-nose response signals for pesticides are different in groundwater samples from various regions, so a prediction model built on one region\u2019s samples might be ineffective when tested in another. Moreover, the establishment of a new prediction model requires a large number of sample data, which will cost too much resources and time. To resolve this issue, this study introduced the TrAdaBoost transfer learning method to recognize the pesticide in groundwater using the e-nose. The main work was divided into two steps: (1) qualitatively checking the pesticide type and (2) semi-quantitatively predicting the pesticide concentration. The support vector machine integrated with the TrAdaBoost was adopted to complete these two steps, and the recognition rate can be 19.3% and 22.2% higher than that of methods without transfer learning. These results demonstrated the potential of the TrAdaBoost based on support vector machine approaches in recognizing the pesticide in groundwater when there were few samples in the target domain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23083856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T03:24:18Z","timestamp":1681097058000},"page":"3856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Improving Recognition Accuracy of Pesticides in Groundwater by Applying TrAdaBoost Transfer Learning Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Donghui","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China"},{"name":"College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China"},{"name":"Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264401, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bingyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China"},{"name":"College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China"},{"name":"Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264401, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China"},{"name":"College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China"},{"name":"Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264401, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264401, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China"},{"name":"College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China"},{"name":"Weihai Institute for Bionics, Jilin University, Weihai 264401, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1067123","article-title":"Hydrology-Flow and Storage in Groundwater Systems","volume":"296","author":"Alley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2021.106359","article-title":"Pesticide residues in groundwater and surface water: Recent advances in solid-phase extraction and solid-phase microextraction sample preparation methods for multiclass analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"168","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microchem. 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