{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T15:13:50Z","timestamp":1785510830402,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the complex underwater environment, conventional measurement and sensing methods used for land are difficult to apply directly in the underwater environment. Especially for seabed topography, it is impossible to perform long-distance and accurate detection by electromagnetic waves. Therefore, various types of acoustic and even optical sensing devices for underwater applications have been used. Equipped with submersibles, these underwater sensors can detect a wide underwater range accurately. In addition, the development of sensor technology will be modified and optimized according to the needs of ocean exploitation. In this paper, we propose a multiagent approach for optimizing the quality of monitoring (QoM) in underwater sensor networks. Our framework aspires to optimize the QoM by resorting to the machine learning concept of diversity. We devise a multiagent optimization procedure which is able to both reduce the redundancy among the sensor readings and maximize the diversity in a distributed and adaptive manner. The mobile sensor positions are adjusted iteratively using a gradient type of updates. The overall framework is tested through simulations based on realistic environment conditions. The proposed approach is compared to other placement approaches and is found to achieve a higher QoM with a smaller number of sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23083877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T01:33:03Z","timestamp":1681176783000},"page":"3877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Quality of Monitoring Optimization in Underwater Sensor Networks through a Multiagent Diversity-Based Gradient Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6653-9621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Ould-Elhassen Aoueileyine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Innov\u2019COM Laboratory, Higher School of Communication of Tunis (SUPCOM), University of Carthage, Ariana 2083, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2358-390X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hajar","family":"Bennouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Systems Laboratory (SSL), ENSIAS, Rabat IT Center, Mohammed V University, Rabat BP 713, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amine","family":"Berqia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Systems Laboratory (SSL), ENSIAS, Rabat IT Center, Mohammed V University, Rabat BP 713, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro G.","family":"Lind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, OsloMet\u2014Oslo Metropolitan University, 0176 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e5rek","family":"Haugerud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, OsloMet\u2014Oslo Metropolitan University, 0176 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5992-2574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ondrej","family":"Krejcar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Institute of Technology and Business in Ceske Budejovice, 370 01 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Malaysia Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), University Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ridha","family":"Bouallegue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innov\u2019COM Laboratory, Higher School of Communication of Tunis (SUPCOM), University of Carthage, Ariana 2083, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anis","family":"Yazidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, OsloMet\u2014Oslo Metropolitan University, 0176 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bayusari, N., Adawiyyah, A., Dwijayanti, S., Hikmarika, H., Husin, Z., and Suprapto, B.Y. 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