{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T18:14:53Z","timestamp":1774635293401,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["292021000242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["292021000242"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2017YFB0403604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFB0403604"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["61571416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61571416"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["61072045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61072045"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["61032006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61032006"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["292021000242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["292021000242"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFB0403604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFB0403604"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61571416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61571416"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61072045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61072045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61032006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61032006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["292021000242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["292021000242"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFB0403604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFB0403604"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61571416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61571416"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61072045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61072045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61032006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61032006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rapid development of wireless communication technology and the emergence of intelligent applications, higher requirements have been put forward for data communication and computing capacity. Multi-access edge computing (MEC) can handle highly demanding applications by users by sinking the services and computing capabilities of the cloud to the edge of the cell. Meanwhile, the multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology based on large-scale antenna arrays can achieve an order-of-magnitude improvement in system capacity. The introduction of MIMO into MEC takes full advantage of the energy and spectral efficiency of MIMO technology, providing a new computing paradigm for time-sensitive applications. In parallel, it can accommodate more users and cope with the inevitable trend of continuous data traffic explosion. In this paper, the state-of-the-art research status in this field is investigated, summarized and analyzed. Specifically, we first summarize a multi-base station cooperative mMIMO-MEC model that can easily be expanded to adapt to different MIMO-MEC application scenarios. Subsequently, we comprehensively analyze the current works, compare them to each other and summarize them, mainly from four aspects: research scenarios, application scenarios, evaluation indicators and research issues, and research algorithms. Finally, some open research challenges are identified and discussed, and these indicate the direction for future research on MIMO-MEC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23083883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T02:08:11Z","timestamp":1681265291000},"page":"3883","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC) Based on MIMO: A Survey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Mengyu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}]},{"given":"Shaoshuai","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}]},{"given":"Guofang","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}]},{"given":"Deyuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.23919\/JCC.2021.06.004","article-title":"Edge computing-based joint client selection and networking scheme for federated learning in vehicular IoT","volume":"18","author":"Bao","year":"2021","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16152","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3049883","article-title":"Joint task offloading and resource allocation for multi-task multi-server NOMA-MEC networks","volume":"9","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"854","article-title":"Mobile-edge computing introductory technical white paper","volume":"29","author":"Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"White Pap. Mob.-Edge Comput. Ind. Initiat."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caprolu, M., Di Pietro, R., Lombardi, F., and Raponi, S. (2019, January 8\u201313). Edge computing perspectives: Architectures, technologies, and open security issues. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Edge Computing (EDGE), Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/EDGE.2019.00035"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3462","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3022802","article-title":"Joint computation offloading and resource allocation for MEC-enabled IoT systems with imperfect CSI","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23511","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2828102","article-title":"A survey on service migration in mobile edge computing","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2022.3140364","article-title":"Hybrid free space optical communication and radio frequency mimo system for photonic interference separation","volume":"34","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, A., Wang, Q., Hu, Y., and Duan, W. (2020, January 15\u201319). An offloading optimization scheme for multi-uav aided network in mobile computing. Proceedings of the 2020 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC), Limassol, Cyprus.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC48107.2020.9148136"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, T., Ali, M.Y., and Mowla, M.M. (2019, January 26\u201328). Energy Efficient Massive MIMO 5G System with ZF Receiver. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Electrical, Computer & Telecommunication Engineering (ICECTE), Rajshahi, Bangladesh.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECTE48615.2019.9303583"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K., Kim, J., Jin, E.W., and Kim, K.S. (2022, January 19\u201321). Extreme Massive MIMO for Upper-Mid Band 6G Communications. Proceedings of the 2022 13th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC), Jeju Island, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTC55196.2022.9952850"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6977","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.3007616","article-title":"Energy-efficient computation offloading in delay-constrained massive MIMO enabled edge network using data partitioning","volume":"19","author":"Malik","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2022.3201773","article-title":"Codesign for Hybrid MU-MIMO Communication and MIMO Radar Systems Based on Mutual Information","volume":"17","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.23919\/JCN.2022.000048","article-title":"A deep neural network based MU-MIMO beamforming training protocol for IEEE 802.11 ay","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"89","article-title":"Joint optimization of radio and computational resources for multicell mobile-edge computing","volume":"1","author":"Sardellitti","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Inf. Process. Netw."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6788","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2979434","article-title":"Delay minimization for massive MIMO assisted mobile edge computing","volume":"69","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3205896","article-title":"Ultra-massive MIMO channel measurements at 5.3 GHz and a general 6G channel model","volume":"72","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Gunnarsson, S., Flordelis, J., Van der Perre, L., and Tufvesson, F. (2018, January 25\u201328). Channel hardening in massive MIMO-A measurement based analysis. Proceedings of the IEEE 19th International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC), Kalamata, Greece."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3106401","article-title":"Resource scheduling in edge computing: A survey","volume":"23","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tuts."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Resource management in fog\/edge computing: A survey on architectures, infrastructure, and algorithms","volume":"52","author":"Hong","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, J., Wauters, T., Volckaert, B., and De Turck, F. (2019). Resource provisioning in fog computing: From theory to practice. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19102238"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3444692","article-title":"A survey on edge performance benchmarking","volume":"54","author":"Varghese","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2020.2980450","article-title":"Massive MIMO-assisted mobile edge computing: Exciting possibilities for computation offloading","volume":"15","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Gao, H., Lv, T., and Lu, Y. (2018, January 15\u201318). Deep reinforcement learning based computation offloading and resource allocation for MEC. Proceedings of the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2018.8377343"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5288","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3066650","article-title":"Joint service caching, computation offloading and resource allocation in mobile edge computing systems","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marzetta, T.L., Larsson, E.G., Yang, H., and Ngo, H.Q. (2016). Fundamentals of Massive MIMO, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781316799895"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"235","article-title":"A pilot contamination avoidance based on pilot pattern design for ultra-dense network","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taoliu, T., and Zhang, H. (2019, January 18\u201320). Improved Channel Estimation Method jointing Channel Coding. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Electronic Information Technology and Computer Engineering (EITCE), Xiamen, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/EITCE47263.2019.9094926"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, T., Zhang, Y., Wu, H., Jiang, W., Yao, C., Xu, M., and Feng, J. (2019, January 16\u201319). Joint pilot and data transmission power control and computing resource allocation for the massive MIMO based MEC network. Proceedings of the IEEE 19th International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT), Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCT46805.2019.8947172"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.3035153","article-title":"Joint MU-MIMO precoding and resource allocation for mobile-edge computing","volume":"20","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-020-01801-6","article-title":"Decentralized computation offloading for multi-user mobile edge computing: A deep reinforcement learning approach","volume":"2020","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik, R., and Vu, M. (2019, January 9\u201313). Multi-access edge computation offloading using massive MIMO. Proceedings of the IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Waikoloa, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM38437.2019.9013646"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Interdonato, G., and Buzzi, S. (2021). Joint Optimization of Uplink Power and Computational Resources in Mobile Edge Computing-Enabled Cell-Free Massive MIMO. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC45855.2022.9839124"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12617","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3076353","article-title":"QoS-Aware Resource Allocation for Mobile Edge Networks: User Association, Precoding and Power Allocation","volume":"70","author":"Niu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Wei, Y., Bj\u00f6rnson, E., Han, Y., and Li, X. (2017, January 11\u201313). Spectral and energy efficiency of cell-free massive MIMO systems with hardware impairments. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP), Nanjing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCSP.2017.8171057"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80801","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2991108","article-title":"Joint pilot and data transmission power control and computing resource allocation algorithm for massive MIMO-MEC networks","volume":"8","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35150","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2967559","article-title":"Optimal multi-user computation offloading strategy for wireless powered sensor networks","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6665","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3075920","article-title":"On-request wireless charging and partial computation offloading in multi-access edge computing systems","volume":"20","author":"Malik","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6736761","article-title":"Massive MIMO for next generation wireless systems","volume":"52","author":"Larsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2019.2956514","article-title":"Mobility-aware computation offloading in MEC-based vehicular wireless networks","volume":"24","author":"Hoang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chai, R., Li, M., and Li, J. (2021, January 27\u201330). Execution Delay Optimization-based Cooperative Task Process in Cellular MEC Systems. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 94th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Fall), Norman, OK, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2021-Fall52928.2021.9625529"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2011.5783982","article-title":"Fundamental trade-offs on green wireless networks","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2783544","article-title":"Energy-efficient resource allocation for mmWave massive MIMO HetNets with wireless backhaul","volume":"6","author":"Hao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5848","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2019.2915833","article-title":"A scalable energy vs. latency trade-off in full-duplex mobile edge computing systems","volume":"67","author":"Kabir","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, C., Wang, J.-B., Cheng, M., Chang, C., Wang, J.-Y., and Lin, M. (2019, January 9\u201313). Joint beamforming and computation offloading for multi-user mobile-edge computing. Proceedings of the IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Waikoloa, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM38437.2019.9014314"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17508","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3081694","article-title":"A DRL agent for jointly optimizing computation offloading and resource allocation in MEC","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"2011","article-title":"Computation offloading in MIMO based mobile edge computing systems under perfect and imperfect CSI estimation","volume":"14","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2013.020413.110848","article-title":"Energy and spectral efficiency of very large multiuser MIMO systems","volume":"61","author":"Ngo","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"787","article-title":"Joint uplink\/downlink optimization for backhaul-limited mobile cloud computing with user scheduling","volume":"3","author":"Simeone","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Inf. Process. Netw."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2018.2879428","article-title":"Spectral and energy efficient resource allocation for massive MIMO HetNets with wireless backhaul","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, Y., Ni, Q., Li, H., and Hou, S. (2019, January 20\u201324). Energy-efficient multi-user mobile-edge computation offloading in massive MIMO enabled HetNets. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2019.8761356"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.1900427","article-title":"A Framework for MEC-enhanced small-cell HetNet with massive MIMO","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nayebi, E., Ashikhmin, A., Marzetta, T.L., and Yang, H. (2015, January 8\u201311). Cell-free massive MIMO systems. Proceedings of the 49th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, Pacific Grove, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACSSC.2015.7421222"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-019-1507-0","article-title":"Ubiquitous cell-free massive MIMO communications","volume":"2019","author":"Interdonato","year":"2019","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"461","article-title":"A cell-free networking system with visible light","volume":"28","author":"Beysens","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2655515","article-title":"Cell-free massive MIMO versus small cells","volume":"16","author":"Ngo","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2017.2770215","article-title":"On the total energy efficiency of cell-free massive MIMO","volume":"2","author":"Ngo","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Green Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2884","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.2968897","article-title":"Edge computing-enabled cell-free massive MIMO systems","volume":"19","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukherjee, S., and Lee, J. (2018, January 9\u201313). Offloading in edge computing-enabled cell-free massive MIMO systems. Proceedings of the IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOMW.2018.8644486"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5172","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3075018","article-title":"Dynamic computation offloading for MIMO mobile edge computing systems with energy harvesting","volume":"70","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D., Qin, N., Li, B., Jing, X., Du, C., and Wan, C. (2021, January 18\u201320). Resource allocation method based on massive MIMO NOMA MEC on distribution communication network. Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Changsha, China.","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/634\/1\/012069"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.23919\/JCC.2022.00.024","article-title":"Hybrid NOMA based MIMO offloading for mobile edge computing in 6G networks","volume":"19","author":"Dursun","year":"2022","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9084","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3056656","article-title":"Blockchain storage and computation offloading for cooperative mobile-edge computing","volume":"8","author":"Zuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vook, F.W., Thomas, T.A., and Visotsky, E. (2014, January 2\u20135). Massive MIMO for mmWave systems. Proceedings of the 48th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, Pacific Grove, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACSSC.2014.7094564"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181242","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2952174","article-title":"Multi-user MAC protocol for WLANs in MmWave massive MIMO systems with mobile edge computing","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Wang, F., Zhang, X., and Guo, S. (2023). IRS-Based MEC for Delay-Constrained QoS Over RF-Powered 6G Mobile Wireless Networks. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., 1\u201316. Early Access.","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3234724"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Wang, J., and Poor, H.V. (2022, January 10\u201313). Joint Beamforming and Trajectory Optimizations for Statistical Delay and Error-Rate Bounded QoS Over MIMO-UAV\/IRS-Based 6G Mobile Edge Computing Networks Using FBC. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE 42nd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), Bologna, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS54860.2022.00099"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137244","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3011694","article-title":"Secure Energy-Saving Resource Allocation on Massive MIMO-MEC System","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-020-01572-w","article-title":"Mobile edge computing against smart attacks with deep reinforcement learning in cognitive MIMO IoT systems","volume":"25","author":"Ge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mob. Netw. Appl."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, N., Li, B., Li, D., Jing, X., Du, C., and Wan, C. (2021, January 18\u201320). Resource allocation method based on mobile edge computing in smart grid. Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Changsha, China.","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/634\/1\/012054"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"149","article-title":"Delay Minimization for Massive MIMO Based Cooperative Mobile Edge Computing System With Secure Offloading","volume":"4","author":"Mumtaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2745201","article-title":"A survey on mobile edge computing: The communication perspective","volume":"19","author":"Mao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tuts."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2893898","article-title":"Twin-timescale artificial intelligence aided mobility-aware edge caching and computing in vehicular networks","volume":"68","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serrador, A., Mendes, C., Datia, N., Cota, N., Cruz, N., and Beire, A.R. (2021, January 8\u201311). A performance measurement platform for C-ITS over 5G. Proceedings of the Joint European Conference on Networks and Communications & 6G Summit (EuCNC\/6G Summit), Porto, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/EuCNC\/6GSummit51104.2021.9482603"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5505","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2948406","article-title":"Joint computation and communication design for UAV-assisted mobile edge computing in IoT","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Informat."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3984","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2019.2935466","article-title":"Joint deployment and task scheduling optimization for large-scale mobile users in multi-UAV-enabled mobile edge computing","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21206","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3055335","article-title":"Joint power and QoE optimization scheme for multi-UAV assisted offloading in mobile computing","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117388","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3106495","article-title":"Energy Optimization in Massive MIMO UAV-Aided MEC-Enabled Vehicular Networks","volume":"9","author":"Michailidis","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21345","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2969467","article-title":"Optimization of energy consumption in the MEC-assisted multi-user FD-SWIPT system","volume":"8","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.2985157","article-title":"Optimization of achievable rate in the multiuser satellite IoT system with SWIPT and MEC","volume":"17","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Informat."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2018.2866820","article-title":"Symmetry chirp spread spectrum modulation used in LEO satellite Internet of Things","volume":"22","author":"Qian","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2015.2487046","article-title":"Satellite communications supporting internet of remote things","volume":"3","author":"Cianca","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minoli, D. (2015). Innovations in Satellite Communications and Satellite Technology: The Industry Implications of DVB-S2X, High Throughput SATELLITEs, Ultra HD, M2M, and IP, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118984086"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"3610","article-title":"Smart grid enabled computation offloading and resource allocation for SWIPT-based MEC system","volume":"69","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2022.3144989","article-title":"Max-min fairness optimization in uplink cell-free massive MIMO using meta-heuristics","volume":"70","author":"Antunes","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18008","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3151168","article-title":"Energy-Efficient Beamforming and Resource Allocation for Multi-Antenna MEC Systems","volume":"10","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2016.2625794","article-title":"A novel hybrid beamforming algorithm with unified analog beamforming by subspace construction based on partial CSI for massive MIMO-OFDM systems","volume":"65","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoshino, K., and Fujii, T. (2021, January 25\u201328). A Study on Optimal Beam Selection Algorithm for Multi-cell Coordinated Beamforming. Proceedings of the IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Spring), Helsinki, Finland.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448840"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alharbi, M.H., Jun, M., and Liu, H. (2022, January 4\u20138). A Time-and Energy-Efficient Massive MIMO-NOMA MEC Offloading Technique: A Distributed ADMM Approach. Proceedings of the GLOBECOM 2022\u20132022 IEEE Global Communications Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM48099.2022.10001104"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2018.1800172","article-title":"Satellite mobile edge computing: Improving QoS of high-speed satellite-terrestrial networks using edge computing techniques","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., Li, L., and Zhao, M.-J. (2020, January 13\u201316). A Blind CSI Prediction Method Based on Deep Learning for V2I Millimeter-Wave Channel. Proceedings of the IEEE 28th International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP), Madrid, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNP49622.2020.9259409"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2021.3052808","article-title":"Mobility aware and dynamic migration of MEC services for the Internet of Vehicles","volume":"18","author":"Labriji","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Sci. Eng. Serv. Manag."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3179","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2021.3106955","article-title":"A smart network resource management system for high mobility edge computing in 5G internet of vehicles","volume":"8","author":"Pang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., Matolak, D.W., Tao, C., Lu, Y., and Chen, H. (2015, January 6\u20139). Far region boundary definition of linear massive MIMO antenna arrays. Proceedings of the IEEE 82nd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2015-Fall), Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2015.7390945"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2014.2328131","article-title":"A non-stationary 3-D wideband twin-cluster model for 5G massive MIMO channels","volume":"32","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4282","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3057882","article-title":"A hybrid DQN and optimization approach for strategy and resource allocation in MEC networks","volume":"20","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2019.2928811","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning for online computation offloading in wireless powered mobile-edge computing networks","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2890685","article-title":"Learning-based computation offloading for IoT devices with energy harvesting","volume":"68","author":"Min","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4005","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2876279","article-title":"Optimized computation offloading performance in virtual edge computing systems via deep reinforcement learning","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6535","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.3003744","article-title":"HFEL: Joint edge association and resource allocation for cost-efficient hierarchical federated edge learning","volume":"19","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beysens, J., Wang, Q., Van den Abeele, M., and Pollin, S. (2021, January 10\u201313). BlendVLC: A cell-free VLC network architecture empowered by beamspot blending. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2021-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM42981.2021.9488727"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.23919\/JCC.2021.05.007","article-title":"Towards intelligent reflecting surface empowered 6G terahertz communications: A survey","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.121.2100320","article-title":"Joint Communication, Sensing, and Computation Enabled 6G Intelligent Machine System","volume":"35","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8675","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3168348","article-title":"Radio Resource Allocation for Integrated Sensing, Communication, and Computation Networks","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"332","article-title":"Integrated sensing, computation and communication in B5G cellular","volume":"20","author":"Qi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/8\/3883\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:13:51Z","timestamp":1760123631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/8\/3883"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s23083883"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23083883","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]}}}