{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T11:51:04Z","timestamp":1780055464758,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union NextGenerationEU","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRTR-C17.I1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRTR-C17.I1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union NextGenerationEU","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["THINKINAZUL\/2021\/002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["THINKINAZUL\/2021\/002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"Generalitat Valenciana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRTR-C17.I1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRTR-C17.I1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"Generalitat Valenciana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["THINKINAZUL\/2021\/002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["THINKINAZUL\/2021\/002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Eutrophication is the excessive growth of algae in water bodies that causes biodiversity loss, reducing water quality and attractiveness to people. This is an important problem in water bodies. In this paper, we propose a low-cost sensor to monitor eutrophication in concentrations between 0 to 200 mg\/L and in different mixtures of sediment and algae (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% algae, the rest are sediment). We use two light sources (infrared and RGB LED) and two photoreceptors at 90\u00b0 and 180\u00b0 of the light sources. The system has a microcontroller (M5stacks) that powers the light sources and obtains the signal received by the photoreceptors. In addition, the microcontroller is responsible for sending information and generating alerts. Our results show that the use of infrared light at 90\u00b0 can determine the turbidity with an error of 7.45% in NTU readings higher than 2.73 NTUs, and the use of infrared light at 180\u00b0 can measure the solid concentration with an error of 11.40%. According to the determination of the % of algae, the use of a neural network has a precision of 89.3% in the classification, and the determination of the mg\/L of algae in water has an error of 17.95%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23083913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T04:51:01Z","timestamp":1681275061000},"page":"3913","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Low-Cost Turbidity Sensor to Determine Eutrophication in Water Bodies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0182-1671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Rocher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n para la Gesti\u00f3n Integrada de Zonas Costeras, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, C\/Paraninf, 1 Grao de Gandia, 46730 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3688-7235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose M.","family":"Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n para la Gesti\u00f3n Integrada de Zonas Costeras, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, C\/Paraninf, 1 Grao de Gandia, 46730 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesus","family":"Tomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n para la Gesti\u00f3n Integrada de Zonas Costeras, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, C\/Paraninf, 1 Grao de Gandia, 46730 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0862-0533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Lloret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n para la Gesti\u00f3n Integrada de Zonas Costeras, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, C\/Paraninf, 1 Grao de Gandia, 46730 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyd, C.E. 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