{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T12:32:05Z","timestamp":1783686725935,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/P010164\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/P010164\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Royal Academy of Engineering under the Chairs in Emerging Technologies Scheme","award":["EP\/P010164\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/P010164\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common skin disorders, affecting nearly one-fifth of children and adolescents worldwide, and currently, the only method of monitoring the condition is through an in-person visual examination by a clinician. This method of assessment poses an inherent risk of subjectivity and can be restrictive to patients who do not have access to or cannot visit hospitals. Advances in digital sensing technologies can serve as a foundation for the development of a new generation of e-health devices that provide accurate and empirical evaluation of the condition to patients worldwide. The goal of this review is to study the past, present, and future of AD monitoring. First, current medical practices such as biopsy, tape stripping and blood serum are discussed with their merits and demerits. Then, alternative digital methods of medical evaluation are highlighted with the focus on non-invasive monitoring using biomarkers of AD\u2014TEWL, skin permittivity, elasticity, and pruritus. Finally, possible future technologies are showcased such as radio frequency reflectometry and optical spectroscopy along with a short discussion to provoke research into improving the current techniques and employing the new ones to develop an AD monitoring device, which could eventually facilitate medical diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23083935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T02:09:21Z","timestamp":1681351761000},"page":"3935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Electromagnetic Sensing Techniques for Monitoring Atopic Dermatitis\u2014Current Practices and Possible Advancements: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6126-753X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandar","family":"Todorov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Flexible Electronics and E-Textiles, School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5598-2860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Russel","family":"Torah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Flexible Electronics and E-Textiles, School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7806-4333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Wagih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1466-2016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Ardern-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 1DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0800-1759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steve","family":"Beeby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Flexible Electronics and E-Textiles, School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spinazze, P., Bottle, A., and Car, J. 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