{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T02:56:28Z","timestamp":1776740188500,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Warsaw University of Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Methods based on nucleic acid detection are currently the most commonly used technique in COVID-19 diagnostics. Although generally considered adequate, these methods are characterised by quite a long time-to-result and the necessity to prepare the material taken from the examined person\u2014RNA isolation. For this reason, new detection methods are being sought, especially those characterised by the high speed of the analysis process from the moment of sampling to the result. Currently, serological methods of detecting antibodies against the virus in the patient\u2019s blood plasma have attracted much attention. Although they are less precise in determining the current infection, such methods shorten the analysis time to several minutes, making it possible to consider them a promising method for screening tests in people with suspected infection. The described study investigated the feasibility of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based detection system for on-site COVID-19 diagnostics. A simple-to-use portable device was proposed for the fast detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in human plasma. SARS-CoV-2-positive and -negative patient blood plasma samples were investigated and compared with the ELISA test. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike protein from SARS-CoV-2 was selected as a binding molecule for the study. Then, the process of antibody detection using this peptide was examined under laboratory conditions on a commercially available SPR device. The portable device was prepared and tested on plasma samples from humans. The results were compared with those obtained in the same patients using the reference diagnostic method. The detection system is effective in the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 with the detection limit of 40 ng\/mL. It was shown that it is a portable device that can correctly examine human plasma samples within a 10 min timeframe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23083946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T04:33:26Z","timestamp":1681360406000},"page":"3946","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Portable Surface Plasmon Resonance Detector for COVID-19 Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5892-1898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Trzaskowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9097-8894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Mazurkiewicz-Pisarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5556-2690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub Waldemar","family":"Trzci\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wary\u0144skiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9770-8309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Drozd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6001-5453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Podg\u00f3rski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wary\u0144skiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2781-9844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Zabost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, P\u0142ocka 26, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6162-8748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Augustynowicz-Kope\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, P\u0142ocka 26, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0695-z","article-title":"The species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: Classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2","volume":"5","author":"Gorbalenya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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