{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T05:56:17Z","timestamp":1777096577132,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010790","name":"Erasmus+","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AC131-SMT-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AC131-SMT-2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010790","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010790","name":"Erasmus+","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["180098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["180098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010790","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010790","name":"Erasmus+","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["180254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["180254"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010790","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002706","name":"AFA F\u00f6rs\u00e4kring","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AC131-SMT-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AC131-SMT-2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002706","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002706","name":"AFA F\u00f6rs\u00e4kring","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["180098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["180098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002706","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002706","name":"AFA F\u00f6rs\u00e4kring","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["180254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["180254"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002706","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Smart workwear systems with embedded inertial measurement unit sensors are developed for convenient ergonomic risk assessment of occupational activities. However, its measurement accuracy can be affected by potential cloth artifacts, which have not been previously assessed. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate the accuracy of sensors placed in the workwear systems for research and practice purposes. This study aimed to compare in-cloth and on-skin sensors for assessing upper arms and trunk postures and movements, with the on-skin sensors as the reference. Five simulated work tasks were performed by twelve subjects (seven women and five men). Results showed that the mean (\u00b1SD) absolute cloth\u2013skin sensor differences of the median dominant arm elevation angle ranged between 1.2\u00b0 (\u00b11.4) and 4.1\u00b0 (\u00b13.5). For the median trunk flexion angle, the mean absolute cloth\u2013skin sensor differences ranged between 2.7\u00b0 (\u00b11.7) and 3.7\u00b0 (\u00b13.9). Larger errors were observed for the 90th and 95th percentiles of inclination angles and inclination velocities. The performance depended on the tasks and was affected by individual factors, such as the fit of the clothes. Potential error compensation algorithms need to be investigated in future work. In conclusion, in-cloth sensors showed acceptable accuracy for measuring upper arm and trunk postures and movements on a group level. Considering the balance of accuracy, comfort, and usability, such a system can potentially be a practical tool for ergonomic assessment for researchers and practitioners.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23083969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T02:03:38Z","timestamp":1681437818000},"page":"3969","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Evaluation of In-Cloth versus On-Skin Sensors for Measuring Trunk and Upper Arm Postures and Movements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5725-383X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damien","family":"Hoareau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechatronics, \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de Rennes, 35170 Bruz, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire SATIE, CNRS UMR 8029, \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de Rennes, 35170 Bruz, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4145-5717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuelong","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solnav\u00e4gen 4, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7807-8682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhad","family":"Abtahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ergonomics, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, H\u00e4lsov\u00e4gen 11C, SE-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7285-824X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liyun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solnav\u00e4gen 4, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Division of Ergonomics, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, H\u00e4lsov\u00e4gen 11C, SE-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kok, J.D., Vroonhof, P., Snijders, J., Roullis, G., Clarke, M., Peereboom, K., Dorst, P.V., and Isusi, I. 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