{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T16:04:37Z","timestamp":1781366677431,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Technology\u2014Iraq","award":["INST 184\/216-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INST 184\/216-1"]}]},{"name":"University of Technology\u2014Iraq","award":["RI 1511\/3-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RI 1511\/3-1"]}]},{"name":"University of Technology\u2014Iraq","award":["EXC 2177\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC 2177\/1"]}]},{"name":"DFG Device Center","award":["INST 184\/216-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INST 184\/216-1"]}]},{"name":"DFG Device Center","award":["RI 1511\/3-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RI 1511\/3-1"]}]},{"name":"DFG Device Center","award":["EXC 2177\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC 2177\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an optical non-invasive neuroimaging technique that allows participants to move relatively freely. However, head movements frequently cause optode movements relative to the head, leading to motion artifacts (MA) in the measured signal. Here, we propose an improved algorithmic approach for MA correction that combines wavelet and correlation-based signal improvement (WCBSI). We compare its MA correction accuracy to multiple established correction approaches (spline interpolation, spline-Savitzky\u2013Golay filter, principal component analysis, targeted principal component analysis, robust locally weighted regression smoothing filter, wavelet filter, and correlation-based signal improvement) on real data. Therefore, we measured brain activity in 20 participants performing a hand-tapping task and simultaneously moving their head to produce MAs at different levels of severity. In order to obtain a \u201cground truth\u201d brain activation, we added a condition in which only the tapping task was performed. We compared the MA correction performance among the algorithms on four predefined metrics (R, RMSE, MAPE, and \u0394AUC) and ranked the performances. The suggested WCBSI algorithm was the only one exceeding average performance (p &lt; 0.001), and it had the highest probability to be the best ranked algorithm (78.8% probability). Together, our results indicate that among all algorithms tested, our suggested WCBSI approach performed consistently favorably across all measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23083979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T04:54:24Z","timestamp":1681448064000},"page":"3979","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Improved Motion Artifact Correction in fNIRS Data by Combining Wavelet and Correlation-Based Signal Improvement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1637-263X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayder R.","family":"Al-Omairi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Neurocognitive Psychology Lab, Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology\u2014Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3553-5131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Fudickar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Systems and Medical Device Technology, Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Medical Informatics, University of L\u00fcbeck, D-23538 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8846-2282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Hein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Systems and Medical Device Technology, Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0955-2306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jochem W.","family":"Rieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Neurocognitive Psychology Lab, Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(97)01132-6","article-title":"Non-Invasive Optical Spectroscopy and Imaging of Human Brain Function","volume":"20","author":"Villringer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1126\/science.929199","article-title":"Noninvasive, Infrared Monitoring of Cerebral and Myocardial Oxygen Sufficiency and Circulatory Parameters","volume":"198","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huppert, T., Angela Franceschini, M., and Boas, D. 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