{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T16:08:42Z","timestamp":1772554122807,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18H05240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18H05240"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a time-of-flight image sensor based on 8-Tap P-N junction demodulator (PND) pixels, which is designed for hybrid-type short-pulse (SP)-based ToF measurements under strong ambient light. The 8-tap demodulator implemented with multiple p-n junctions used for modulating the electric potential to transfer photoelectrons to eight charge-sensing nodes and charge drains has an advantage of high-speed demodulation in large photosensitive areas. The ToF image sensor implemented using 0.11 \u00b5m CIS technology, consisting of an 120 (H) \u00d7 60 (V) image array of the 8-tap PND pixels, successfully works with eight consecutive time-gating windows with the gating width of 10 ns and demonstrates for the first time that long-range (&gt;10 m) ToF measurements under high ambient light are realized using single-frame signals only, which is essential for motion-artifact-free ToF measurements. This paper also presents an improved depth-adaptive time-gating-number assignment (DATA) technique for extending the depth range while having ambient-light canceling capability and a nonlinearity error correction technique. By applying these techniques to the implemented image sensor chip, hybrid-type single-frame ToF measurements with depth precision of maximally 16.4 cm (1.4% of the maximum range) and the maximum non-linearity error of 0.6% for the full-scale depth range of 1.0\u201311.5 m and operations under direct-sunlight-level ambient light (80 klux) have been realized. The depth linearity achieved in this work is 2.5 times better than that of the state-of-the-art 4-tap hybrid-type ToF image sensor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23083987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T09:23:43Z","timestamp":1681464223000},"page":"3987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Time-of-Flight Image Sensor Using 8-Tap P-N Junction Demodulator Pixels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ryosuke","family":"Miyazawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4587-0005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuya","family":"Shirakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1587-6465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamel","family":"Mars","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan"}]},{"given":"Keita","family":"Yasutomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan"}]},{"given":"Keiichiro","family":"Kagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Aoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brookman Technology, Inc., Hamamatsu 430-0936, Japan"}]},{"given":"Shoji","family":"Kawahito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan"},{"name":"Brookman Technology, Inc., Hamamatsu 430-0936, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2013.2284352","article-title":"A 0.18mm CMOS SoC for a 100-m-Range 10-Frame\/s 200 96-Pixel Time-of-Flight Depth Sensor","volume":"49","author":"Niclass","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. 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