{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T23:31:27Z","timestamp":1780615887816,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFB2700200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB2700200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4202037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4202037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U21B2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21B2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61972018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61972018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61932014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61932014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFB2700200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB2700200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4202037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4202037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U21B2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21B2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61972018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61972018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61932014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61932014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021YFB2700200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB2700200"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["4202037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4202037"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U21B2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21B2021"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61972018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61972018"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61932014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61932014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The IoT-enabled Smart Grid uses IoT smart devices to collect the private electricity data of consumers and send it to service providers over the public network, which leads to some new security problems. To ensure the communication security in a smart grid, many researches are focusing on using authentication and key agreement protocols to protect against cyber attacks. Unfortunately, most of them are vulnerable to various attacks. In this paper, we analyze the security of an existent protocol by introducing an insider attacker, and show that their scheme cannot guarantee the claimed security requirements under their adversary model. Then, we present an improved lightweight authentication and key agreement protocol, which aims to enhance the security of IoT-enabled smart grid systems. Furthermore, we proved the security of the scheme under the real-or-random oracle model. The result shown that the improved scheme is secure in the presence of both internal attackers and external attackers. Compared with the original protocol, the new protocol is more secure, while keeping the same computation efficiency. Both of them are 0.0552 ms. The communication of the new protocol is 236 bytes, which is acceptable in smart grids. In other words, with similar communication and computation cost, we proposed a more secure protocol for smart grids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23083991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T09:23:43Z","timestamp":1681464223000},"page":"3991","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Lightweight Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol for IoT-Enabled Smart Grid System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8197-8646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology, Beijing 100878, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yapeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bowen","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sino-French Engineer School, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyang","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ehsani, M., Gao, Y., Longo, S., and Ebrahimi, K. 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