{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T16:28:15Z","timestamp":1770568095797,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004956","name":"Austrian Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation, and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["856255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["856255"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004956","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004956","name":"Austrian Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation, and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["825143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["825143"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004956","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Austrian Federal Ministry for Digital and Economic Affairs","award":["856255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["856255"]}]},{"name":"Austrian Federal Ministry for Digital and Economic Affairs","award":["825143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["825143"]}]},{"name":"federal state of Salzburg","award":["856255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["856255"]}]},{"name":"federal state of Salzburg","award":["825143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["825143"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["856255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["856255"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["825143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["825143"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Skiing technique, and performance are impacted by the interplay between ski and snow. The resulting deformation characteristics of the ski, both temporally and segmentally, are indicative of the unique multi-faceted nature of this process. Recently, a PyzoFlex\u00ae ski prototype was presented for measuring the local ski curvature (w\u2033), demonstrating high reliability and validity. The value of w\u2033 increases as a result of enlargement of the roll angle (RA) and the radial force (RF) and consequently minimizes the radius of the turn, preventing skidding. This study aims to analyze segmental w\u2033 differences along the ski, as well as to investigate the relationship among segmental w\u2033, RA, and RF for both the inner and outer skis and for different skiing techniques (carving and parallel ski steering). A skier performed 24 carving and 24 parallel ski steering turns, during which a sensor insole was placed in the boot to determine RA and RF, and six PyzoFlex\u00ae sensors were used to measure the w\u2033 progression along the left ski (w1\u22126\u2033). All data were time normalized over a left-right turn combination. Correlation analysis using Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficient (r) was conducted on the mean values of RA, RF, and segmental w1\u22126\u2033 for different turn phases [initiation, center of mass direction change I (COM DC I), center of mass direction change II (COM DC II), completion]. The results of the study indicate that, regardless of the skiing technique, the correlation between the two rear sensors (L2 vs. L3) and the three front sensors (L4 vs. L5, L4 vs. L6, L5 vs. L6) was mostly high (r &gt; 0.50) to very high (r &gt; 0.70). During carving turns, the correlation between w\u2033 of the rear (w1\u22123\u2033) and that of front sensors (w4\u22126\u2033) of the outer ski was low (ranging between \u22120.21 and 0.22) with the exception of high correlations during COM DC II (r = 0.51\u20130.54). In contrast, for parallel ski steering, the r between the w\u2033 of the front and rear sensors was mostly high to very high, especially for COM DC I and II (r = 0.48\u20130.85). Further, a high to very high correlation (r ranging between 0.55 and 0.83) among RF, RA, and w\u2033 of the two sensors located behind the binding (w2\u2033,w3\u2033) in COM DC I and II for the outer ski during carving was found. However, the values of r were low to moderate (r = 0.04\u20130.47) during parallel ski steering. It can be concluded that homogeneous ski deflection along the ski is an oversimplified picture, as the w\u2033 pattern differs not only temporally but also segmentally, depending on the employed technique and turn phase. In carving, the rear segment of the outer ski is considered to have a pivotal role for creating a clean and precise turn on the edge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23083997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T09:23:43Z","timestamp":1681464223000},"page":"3997","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Technique-Dependent Relationship between Local Ski Bending Curvature, Roll Angle and Radial Force in Alpine Skiing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Christoph","family":"Thorwartl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Schlossallee 49, 5400 Hallein\/Rif, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6472-2553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Tschepp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH\u2014MATERIALS, Franz-Pichler-Stra\u00dfe 30, 8160 Weiz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7556-5984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Lasshofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Schlossallee 49, 5400 Hallein\/Rif, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helmut","family":"Holzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atomic Austria GmbH, Atomic Strasse 1, 5541 Altenmarkt, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9301-1929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Zirkl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH\u2014MATERIALS, Franz-Pichler-Stra\u00dfe 30, 8160 Weiz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Hammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH\u2014MATERIALS, Franz-Pichler-Stra\u00dfe 30, 8160 Weiz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Stadlober","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH\u2014MATERIALS, Franz-Pichler-Stra\u00dfe 30, 8160 Weiz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"St\u00f6ggl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Schlossallee 49, 5400 Hallein\/Rif, Austria"},{"name":"Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Brunnbachweg 71, 5303 Thalgau, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Howe, J. 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