{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T17:49:32Z","timestamp":1781891372612,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]],"date-time":"2023-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Funded Programme 2014\u20132020","award":["1733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1733"]}]},{"name":"National Funded Programme 2014\u20132020","award":["ECS00000041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECS00000041"]}]},{"name":"National Funded Programme 2014\u20132020","award":["C43C22000380007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C43C22000380007"]}]},{"name":"National Funded Programme 2014\u20132020","award":["E95F21002890005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E95F21002890005"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014Next Generation EU","award":["1733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1733"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014Next Generation EU","award":["ECS00000041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECS00000041"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014Next Generation EU","award":["C43C22000380007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C43C22000380007"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014Next Generation EU","award":["E95F21002890005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E95F21002890005"]}]},{"name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy","award":["1733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1733"]}]},{"name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy","award":["ECS00000041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECS00000041"]}]},{"name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy","award":["C43C22000380007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C43C22000380007"]}]},{"name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy","award":["E95F21002890005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E95F21002890005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The majority of car accidents worldwide are caused by drowsy drivers. Therefore, it is important to be able to detect when a driver is starting to feel drowsy in order to warn them before a serious accident occurs. Sometimes, drivers are not aware of their own drowsiness, but changes in their body signals can indicate that they are getting tired. Previous studies have used large and intrusive sensor systems that can be worn by the driver or placed in the vehicle to collect information about the driver\u2019s physical status from a variety of signals that are either physiological or vehicle-related. This study focuses on the use of a single wrist device that is comfortable for the driver to wear and appropriate signal processing to detect drowsiness by analyzing only the physiological skin conductance (SC) signal. To determine whether the driver is drowsy, the study tests three ensemble algorithms and finds that the Boosting algorithm is the most effective in detecting drowsiness with an accuracy of 89.4%. The results of this study show that it is possible to identify when a driver is drowsy using only signals from the skin on the wrist, and this encourages further research to develop a real-time warning system for early detection of drowsiness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23084004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T02:02:59Z","timestamp":1681696979000},"page":"4004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Driver Drowsiness Detection: A Machine Learning Approach on Skin Conductance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7728-9306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Amidei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria \u201cEnzo Ferrari\u201d, Universit\u00e0 di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7323-4030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna","family":"Spinsante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7093-2733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grazia","family":"Iadarola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5700-5342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Benatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria \u201cEnzo Ferrari\u201d, Universit\u00e0 di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6380-7897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Tramarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria \u201cEnzo Ferrari\u201d, Universit\u00e0 di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5420-1797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Pavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria \u201cEnzo Ferrari\u201d, Universit\u00e0 di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1743-3043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Rovati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria \u201cEnzo Ferrari\u201d, Universit\u00e0 di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Pietro Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, February 17). 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