{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T15:57:29Z","timestamp":1782403049396,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,16]],"date-time":"2023-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20K03144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K03144"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>When an electric wheelchair is operated using gaze motion, eye movements such as checking the environment and observing objects are also incorrectly recognized as input operations. This phenomenon is called the \u201cMidas touch problem\u201d, and classifying visual intentions is extremely important. In this paper, we develop a deep learning model that estimates the user\u2019s visual intention in real time and an electric wheelchair control system that combines intention estimation and the gaze dwell time method. The proposed model consists of a 1DCNN-LSTM that estimates visual intention from feature vectors of 10 variables, such as eye movement, head movement, and distance to the fixation point. The evaluation experiments classifying four types of visual intentions show that the proposed model has the highest accuracy compared to other models. In addition, the results of the driving experiments of the electric wheelchair implementing the proposed model show that the user\u2019s efforts to operate the wheelchair are reduced and that the operability of the wheelchair is improved compared to the traditional method. From these results, we concluded that visual intentions could be more accurately estimated by learning time series patterns from eye and head movement data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23084028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T02:26:02Z","timestamp":1681698362000},"page":"4028","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Intelligent Eye-Controlled Electric Wheelchair Based on Estimating Visual Intentions Using One-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network and Long Short-Term Memory"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4223-8848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sho","family":"Higa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara 903-0213, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara 903-0213, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shihoko","family":"Kamisato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Systems Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Okinawa College, Nago 905-2171, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meena, Y.K., Cecotti, H., Wong-Lin, K., and Prasad, G. 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