{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T17:46:15Z","timestamp":1774979175829,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,16]],"date-time":"2023-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001459","name":"the Ministry of Education, Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RT10\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RT10\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001459","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001459","name":"the Ministry of Education, Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG55\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG55\/18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001459","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent migration and globalization trends have led to the emergence of ethnically, religiously, and linguistically diverse countries. Understanding the unfolding of social dynamics in multicultural contexts becomes a matter of common interest to promote national harmony and social cohesion among groups. The current functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study aimed to (i) explore the neural signature of the in-group bias in the multicultural context; and (ii) assess the relationship between the brain activity and people\u2019s system-justifying ideologies. A sample of 43 (22 females) Chinese Singaporeans (M = 23.36; SD = 1.41) was recruited. All participants completed the Right Wing Authoritarianism Scale and Social Dominance Orientation Scale to assess their system-justifying ideologies. Subsequently, four types of visual stimuli were presented in an fMRI task: Chinese (in-group), Indian (typical out-group), Arabic (non-typical out-group), and Caucasian (non-typical out-group) faces. The right middle occipital gyrus and the right postcentral gyrus showed enhanced activity when participants were exposed to in-group (Chinese) rather than out-group (Arabic, Indian, and Caucasian) faces. Regions having a role in mentalization, empathetic resonance, and social cognition showed enhanced activity to Chinese (in-group) rather than Indian (typical out-group) faces. Similarly, regions typically involved in socioemotional and reward-related processing showed increased activation when participants were shown Chinese (in-group) rather than Arabic (non-typical out-group) faces. The neural activations in the right postcentral gyrus for in-group rather than out-group faces and in the right caudate in response to Chinese rather than Arabic faces were in a significant positive correlation with participants\u2019 Right Wing Authoritarianism scores (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, the activity in the right middle occipital gyrus for Chinese rather than out-group faces was in a significant negative correlation with participants\u2019 Social Dominance Orientation scores (p &lt; 0.05). Results are discussed by considering the typical role played by the activated brain regions in socioemotional processes as well as the role of familiarity to out-group faces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23084030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T02:26:02Z","timestamp":1681698362000},"page":"4030","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Exposure to Multicultural Context Affects Neural Response to Out-Group Faces: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2737-0218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Carollo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4525-6267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Rigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1586-8350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Bizzego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2352-999X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Program, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639818, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7830-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peipei","family":"Setoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Program, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639818, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9442-0254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Tacoli, C., and Okali, D. (2001). The Links between Migration, Globalisation and Sustainable Development, International Institute for Environment and Development."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1108\/IJOES-11-2017-0208","article-title":"Building harmony in diverse society: Insights from practical wisdom","volume":"36","author":"Huda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Ethics Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rigo, P., Ragunath, B.L., Bornstein, M.H., and Esposito, G. (2020). Enlarged Ingroup Effect: How a Shared Culture Shapes In-Group Perception. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.12.148601"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1177\/0192512101221004","article-title":"Multiculturalism and social integration in Europe","volume":"22","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. Political Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1177\/1468796810378323","article-title":"Social cohesion and the transformation from ethnic to multicultural society: The case of Denmark","volume":"10","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ethnicities"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-2409.2010.01022.x","article-title":"The colorblind, multicultural, and polycultural ideological approaches to improving intergroup attitudes and relations","volume":"4","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Issues Policy Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1108\/JME-03-2015-0009","article-title":"A novel module for cultivate unity and harmony in multicultural society through arts education","volume":"11","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Multicult. Educ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10988","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15289-1","article-title":"Stronger brain activation for own baby but similar activation toward babies of own and different ethnicities in parents living in a multicultural environment","volume":"12","author":"Raghunath","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsu107","article-title":"Social identity modifies face perception: An ERP study of social categorization","volume":"10","author":"Derks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.04.004","article-title":"The origins of social categorization","volume":"21","author":"Liberman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-devpsych-121318-084824","article-title":"The development of social categorization","volume":"1","author":"Rhodes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.56.1.5","article-title":"Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components","volume":"56","author":"Devine","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60317-2","article-title":"A continuum of impression formation, from category-based to individuating processes: Influences of information and motivation on attention and interpretation","volume":"Volume 23","author":"Fiske","year":"1990","journal-title":"Advances in Experimental Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nss138","article-title":"Dynamic representations of race: Processing goals shape race decoding in the fusiform gyri","volume":"9","author":"Kaul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12154","article-title":"Young children\u2019s preferences: Gender, race, and social status","volume":"9","author":"Shutts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Dev. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12269","article-title":"Young children\u2019s automatic encoding of social categories","volume":"18","author":"Weisman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02214.x","article-title":"The neural substrates of in-group bias: A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation","volume":"19","author":"Packer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1177\/002202217674009","article-title":"Perception of the emotional content of speech: A comparison of two Canadian groups","volume":"7","author":"Albas","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Cross-Cult. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2005.10.006","article-title":"The effect of group-identification on emotion recognition: The case of cats and basketball players","volume":"42","author":"Thibault","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.128.2.203","article-title":"On the universality and cultural specificity of emotion recognition: A meta-analysis","volume":"128","author":"Elfenbein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825987","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.825987","article-title":"The Development of Intergroup Cooperation: Children Show Impartial Fairness and Biased Care","volume":"13","author":"Corbit","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2007.00496.x","article-title":"Developmental intergroup theory: Explaining and reducing children\u2019s social stereotyping and prejudice","volume":"16","author":"Bigler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2008.04.006","article-title":"The development of implicit intergroup cognition","volume":"12","author":"Dunham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035582","article-title":"Intergroup contact and intergroup conflict","volume":"20","author":"Hewstone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Peace Confl. J. Peace Psychol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9477.2007.00176.x","article-title":"E pluribus unum: Diversity and community in the twenty-first century the 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture","volume":"30","author":"Putnam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand. Political Stud."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1093\/esr\/jcr022","article-title":"\u2018Hunkering down\u2019 in multi-ethnic neighbourhoods? The effects of ethnic diversity on dimensions of social cohesion","volume":"28","author":"Gijsberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Sociol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-07143-3","article-title":"\u201cThey Wanted to Talk to a \u2018Real Doctor\u2019\u201d: Predictors, Perpetrators, and Experiences of Racial and Ethnic Discrimination Among Healthcare Workers","volume":"37","author":"Hennein","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.60.4.509","article-title":"The trouble of thinking: Activation and application of stereotypic beliefs","volume":"60","author":"Gilbert","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.70.6.1142","article-title":"Automatic and controlled processes in stereotype priming","volume":"70","author":"Blair","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1006\/jesp.1997.1328","article-title":"On the activation of social stereotypes: The moderating role of processing objectives","volume":"33","author":"Macrae","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2005.00780.x","article-title":"Controlling racial prejudice: Social-cognitive goals affect amygdala and stereotype activation","volume":"16","author":"Wheeler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabrieli, G., Lim, Y.Y., and Esposito, G. (2021). Influences of Social Distancing and attachment styles on the strength of the Halo Effect. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256364"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Fiske, S.T. (1998). The Handbook of Social Psychology, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.56.2.109","article-title":"An ambivalent alliance: Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality","volume":"56","author":"Glick","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0963-7214.2005.00377.x","article-title":"Antecedents and consequences of system-justifying ideologies","volume":"14","author":"Jost","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9221.2009.00747.x","article-title":"The ideological legitimation of the status quo: Longitudinal tests of a social dominance model","volume":"31","author":"Sibley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Political Psychol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230196","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.230196","article-title":"Neuroanatomical Correlates of System-justifying Ideologies: A Pre-registered Voxel-based Morphometry Study on Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Orientation","volume":"10","author":"Balagtas","year":"2023","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00319.x","article-title":"Recognition of own-race and other-race faces by three-month-old infants","volume":"45","author":"Sangrigoli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2005.01554.x","article-title":"Reversibility of the other-race effect in face recognition during childhood","volume":"16","author":"Sangrigoli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8525","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2418-09.2009","article-title":"Do you feel my pain? Racial group membership modulates empathic neural responses","volume":"29","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721411408713","article-title":"Us and them: Intergroup failures of empathy","volume":"20","author":"Cikara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00632","article-title":"Neural correlates of racial ingroup bias in observing computer-animated social encounters","volume":"11","author":"Katsumi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780633","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.780633","article-title":"Skin Color and Attractiveness Modulate Empathy for Pain: An Event-Related Potential Study","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3343","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00016","article-title":"Modulation of the fusiform face area following minimal exposure to motivationally relevant faces: Evidence of in-group enhancement (not out-group disregard)","volume":"23","author":"Packer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsw134","article-title":"The neural development of \u2018us and them\u2019","volume":"12","author":"Telzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1162\/089892900562552","article-title":"Performance on indirect measures of race evaluation predicts amygdala activation","volume":"12","author":"Phelps","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00605","article-title":"The impact of childhood experience on amygdala response to perceptually familiar black and white faces","volume":"26","author":"Cloutier","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3136","article-title":"The neuroscience of race","volume":"15","author":"Kubota","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3800","article-title":"The neuroscience of prejudice and stereotyping","volume":"15","author":"Amodio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1884","article-title":"Meeting of minds: The medial frontal cortex and social cognition","volume":"7","author":"Amodio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5472.1835","article-title":"Dissociating the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in cognitive control","volume":"288","author":"MacDonald","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(03)00197-9","article-title":"Persistent activity in the prefrontal cortex during working memory","volume":"7","author":"Curtis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1156","article-title":"An fMRI investigation of the impact of interracial contact on executive function","volume":"6","author":"Richeson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.04.038","article-title":"Culture shapes a mesolimbic response to signals of dominance and subordination that associates with behavior","volume":"47","author":"Freeman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21187","article-title":"Cross-cultural reading the mind in the eyes: An fMRI investigation","volume":"22","author":"Adams","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.05.014","article-title":"The neuroscience of group membership","volume":"50","author":"Morrison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.06.002","article-title":"The neuroscience of in-group bias","volume":"37","author":"Molenberghs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nss135","article-title":"The role of the medial prefrontal cortex in social categorization","volume":"9","author":"Molenberghs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altemeyer, B. (1983). Right-Wing Authoritarianism, University of Manitoba Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9780887558894"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60382-2","article-title":"The other \u2018authoritarian personality\u2019","volume":"30","author":"Altemeyer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9221.2005.00415.x","article-title":"The dimensionality of right-wing authoritarianism: Lessons from the dilemma between theory and measurement","volume":"26","author":"Funke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Political Psychol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"1","article-title":"The right-wing authoritarianism scale","volume":"1","author":"Saunders","year":"2017","journal-title":"Encycl. Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.67.4.741","article-title":"Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes","volume":"67","author":"Pratto","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1348\/014466603322127175","article-title":"Social dominance orientation and gender: The moderating role of gender identity","volume":"42","author":"Wilson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S754","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(18)31587-8","article-title":"Generalisability, Random Effects & Population Inference","volume":"7","author":"Holmes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00252-7","article-title":"Face-elicited ERPs and affective attitude: Brain electric microstate and tomography analyses","volume":"111","author":"Pizzagalli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Duvernoy, H.M. (1999). The Human Brain: Surface, Three-Dimensional Sectional Anatomy with MRI, and Blood Supply, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.06.058","article-title":"Neural functional correlates of empathic face processing","volume":"655","author":"Kotzalidis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.07.042","article-title":"Neural architecture underlying person perception from in-group and out-group voices","volume":"181","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-07-02683.2000","article-title":"A role for somatosensory cortices in the visual recognition of emotion as revealed by three-dimensional lesion mapping","volume":"20","author":"Adolphs","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2833","article-title":"Somatosensation in social perception","volume":"11","author":"Keysers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sugranyes, G., Kyriakopoulos, M., Corrigall, R., Taylor, E., and Frangou, S. (2011). Autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia: Meta-analysis of the neural correlates of social cognition. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025322"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.11.004","article-title":"Effects of empathic social responses on the emotions of the recipient","volume":"103","author":"Seehausen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00798","article-title":"Aesthetic experiences across cultures: Neural correlates when viewing traditional Eastern or Western landscape paintings","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2021.100399","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment results in altered deactivation of reward processing circuits in depressed patients: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of a facial emotion recognition task","volume":"15","author":"Nagy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Stress"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1162\/0898929041502661","article-title":"How would you feel versus how do you think she would feel? A neuroimaging study of perspective-taking with social emotions","volume":"16","author":"Ruby","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi095","article-title":"My body or yours? The effect of visual perspective on cortical body representations","volume":"16","author":"Saxe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.07.022","article-title":"Neuronal correlates of theory of mind and empathy: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study in a nonverbal task","volume":"29","author":"Taylor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00940","article-title":"Impaired social cognition in epilepsy: A review of what we have learnt from neuroimaging studies","volume":"10","author":"Jokeit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5159","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24763","article-title":"Delineating functional segregations of the human middle temporal gyrus with resting-state functional connectivity and coactivation patterns","volume":"40","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1080\/17470919.2013.797020","article-title":"The role of the eyes in processing an intact face and its scrambled image: A dense array ERP and low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) study","volume":"8","author":"Cecchini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.03.072","article-title":"Fear of missing out (FOMO) is associated with activation of the right middle temporal gyrus during inclusion social cue","volume":"61","author":"Lai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1999.0525","article-title":"A PET investigation of the attribution of intentions with a nonverbal task","volume":"11","author":"Brunet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.10.006","article-title":"Neural activity during social signal perception correlates with self-reported empathy","volume":"1308","author":"Hooker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.03.048","article-title":"Intergroup empathy: Enhanced neural resonance for ingroup facial emotion in a shared neural production-perception network","volume":"194","author":"Krautheim","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.10.027","article-title":"Neural basis of in-group bias and prejudices: A systematic meta-analysis","volume":"131","author":"Saarinen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15466","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1488-13.2013","article-title":"Right supramarginal gyrus is crucial to overcome emotional egocentricity bias in social judgments","volume":"33","author":"Silani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2609-0","article-title":"Preserved self-other distinction during empathy in autism is linked to network integrity of right supramarginal gyrus","volume":"46","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.10.017","article-title":"Task modulations of racial bias in neural responses to others\u2019 suffering","volume":"88","author":"Sheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RC159","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-16-j0002.2001","article-title":"Anticipation of increasing monetary reward selectively recruits nucleus accumbens","volume":"21","author":"Knutson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.08.033","article-title":"The Quadruple Process model approach to examining the neural underpinnings of prejudice","volume":"43","author":"Beer","year":"2008","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bret, A., Beffara, B., McFadyen, J., and Mermillod, M. (2017). Right wing authoritarianism is associated with race bias in face detection. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179894"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12957","article-title":"The attention habit: How reward learning shapes attentional selection","volume":"1369","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53998","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.53998","article-title":"Attention-related modulation of caudate neurons depends on superior colliculus activity","volume":"9","author":"Herman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/17588928.2019.1585338","article-title":"Neural correlates of attentional capture by stimuli previously associated with social reward","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2700","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59633-9","article-title":"Positive intergroup contact modulates fusiform gyrus activity to black and white faces","volume":"10","author":"Farmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/90565","article-title":"Differential responses in the fusiform region to same-race and other-race faces","volume":"4","author":"Golby","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1080\/10463280701726132","article-title":"Another view of \u201cwe\u201d: Majority and minority group perspectives on a common ingroup identity","volume":"18","author":"Dovidio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01314.x","article-title":"Neural correlates of direct and reflected self-appraisals in adolescents and adults: When social perspective-taking informs self-perception","volume":"80","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.87.4.494","article-title":"Gender differences in automatic in-group bias: Why do women like women more than men like men?","volume":"87","author":"Rudman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/8\/4030\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:16:48Z","timestamp":1760123808000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/8\/4030"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,16]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s23084030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23084030","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,16]]}}}